1 | ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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2 | version="$Id: jacobson.lib,v 1.9 2009/02/12 20:27:17 levandov Exp $"; |
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3 | category="System and Control Theory"; |
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4 | info=" |
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5 | LIBRARY: jacobson.lib Algorithms for Smith and Jacobson Normal Form |
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6 | AUTHOR: Kristina Schindelar, Kristina.Schindelar@math.rwth-aachen.de |
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7 | |
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8 | THEORY: We work over a ring R, that is a principal ideal domain. |
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9 | @* If R is commutative, we suppose R to be a polynomial ring in one variable. |
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10 | @* If R is non-commutative, we suppose R to be in two variables, say x and d. |
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11 | @* We treat then the basering as principal ideal ring with d a polynomial |
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12 | @* variable and x an invertible one. That is, we work in the Ore localization of R |
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13 | @* with respect to the mult. closed set S = K[x] without 0. |
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14 | @* Note, that in computations no division by x will actually happen. |
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15 | @* Given a rectangular matrix M over R, one can compute unimodular (that is invertible) |
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16 | @* square matrices U and V, such that U*M*V=D is a diagonal matrix. |
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17 | @* Depending on the ring, the diagonal entries of D have certain properties. |
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18 | |
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19 | REFERENCES: |
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20 | @* N. Jacobson, 'The theory of rings', AMS, 1943. |
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21 | @* Manuel Avelino Insua Hermo, 'Varias perspectives sobre las bases de Groebner: Forma normal de Smith, Algorithme de Berlekamp y algebras de Leibniz'. PhD thesis, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 2005. |
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22 | |
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23 | |
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24 | PROCEDURES: |
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25 | smith(M[,eng1,eng2]); compute the Smith Normal Form of M over commutative ring |
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26 | jacobson(M[,eng]); compute a weak Jacobson Normal Form of M over non-commutative ring |
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27 | |
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28 | SEE ALSO: control_lib |
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29 | "; |
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30 | |
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31 | LIB "poly.lib"; |
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32 | LIB "involut.lib"; |
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33 | |
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34 | proc smith(matrix MA, list #) |
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35 | "USAGE: smith(M[, eng1, eng2]); M matrix, eng1 and eng2 are optional integers |
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36 | RETURN: matrix or list |
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37 | ASSUME: The current ring is assumed to be the commutative polynomial ring in |
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38 | one variable |
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39 | PURPOSE: compute the Smith Normal Form of M with transformation matrices (optionally) |
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40 | NOTE: If the optional integer eng1 is non-zero, returns the list {U,D,V}, |
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41 | where U*M*V = D and the diagonal field entries of D are not normalized. |
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42 | @* Otherwise only the matrix D, that is the Smith Normal Form of M, is returned. |
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43 | @* Here, U and V are square unimodular (invertible) matrices. The procedure works for rectangular matrix M. |
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44 | @* The optional integer eng2 determines the engine, that computes the Groebner basis: |
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45 | @* 0 means 'std' (default), 1 means 'groebner' and 2 means 'slimgb'. |
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46 | DISPLAY: If @code{printlevel}=1, progress debug messages will be printed, |
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47 | @* if @code{printlevel}>=2, all the debug messages will be printed. |
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48 | EXAMPLE: example smith; shows examples |
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49 | " |
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50 | { |
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51 | def R = basering; |
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52 | // check assume: R must be a polynomial ring in 1 variable |
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53 | setring R; |
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54 | if (nvars(R) >1 ) |
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55 | { |
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56 | ERROR("Basering must have exactly one variable"); |
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57 | } |
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58 | |
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59 | int eng = 0; |
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60 | int BASIS = 0; |
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61 | |
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62 | if ( size(#)>0 ) |
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63 | { |
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64 | if (typeof(#[1])=="int") |
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65 | { |
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66 | eng=#[1]; // zero can also happen |
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67 | } |
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68 | |
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69 | if (size(#) > 1) |
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70 | { |
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71 | if (typeof(#[2])=="int") |
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72 | { |
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73 | BASIS=#[2]; |
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74 | } |
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75 | } |
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76 | } |
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77 | |
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78 | |
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79 | int ROW=ncols(MA); |
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80 | int COL=nrows(MA); |
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81 | |
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82 | //generate a module consisting of the columns of MA |
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83 | module m = MA; |
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84 | int i; |
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85 | |
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86 | //if MA eqauls the zero matrix give back MA |
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87 | if ( (size(m)==0) and (size(transpose(m))==0) ) |
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88 | { |
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89 | if( eng > 0 ) |
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90 | { |
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91 | return(list( matrix(freemodule(COL)), MA, matrix(freemodule(ROW)) )); |
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92 | } |
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93 | |
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94 | return(MA); |
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95 | } |
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96 | |
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97 | if(eng > 0) |
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98 | { |
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99 | list rueckLI=diagonal_with_trafo(R,MA,BASIS); |
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100 | list rueckLII=divisibility(rueckLI[2]); |
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101 | matrix CON=divideByContent(rueckLII[2]); |
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102 | list rueckL=CON*rueckLII[1]*rueckLI[1], CON*rueckLII[2], rueckLI[3]*rueckLII[3]; |
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103 | return(rueckL); |
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104 | } |
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105 | else |
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106 | { |
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107 | matrix rueckm=diagonal_without_trafo(R,MA,BASIS); |
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108 | list rueckL=divisibility(rueckm); |
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109 | matrix CON=divideByContent(rueckm); |
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110 | rueckm=CON*rueckL[2]; |
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111 | return(rueckm); |
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112 | } |
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113 | } |
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114 | example |
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115 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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116 | ring r = 0,x,Dp; |
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117 | matrix m[3][2]=x, x^4+x^2+21, x^4+x^2+x, x^3+x, 4*x^2+x, x; |
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118 | print(m); // M |
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119 | print(smith(m)); // Smith Normal Form of M |
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120 | list s=smith(m,1); |
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121 | // TODO: BUG THE FOLLOWING GIVES A DIFFERENT RESULT TO ABOVE! |
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122 | print(S[2]); // Smith Normal Form D of M |
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123 | // TODO: ARE U AND V REALLY UNIMODULAR? |
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124 | S[1]; // U |
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125 | det(S[1]); |
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126 | S[3]; // V |
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127 | det(S[3]); |
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128 | print(S[1]*m*S[3] - S[2]); // check that U*M*V = D |
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129 | print(smith(matrix(0))); // Smith Normal Form of 0 |
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130 | |
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131 | } |
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132 | |
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133 | static proc diagonal_with_trafo( R, matrix MA, int B) |
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134 | { |
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135 | |
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136 | int ppl = printlevel-voice+2; |
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137 | |
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138 | int BASIS=B; |
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139 | int ROW=ncols(MA); |
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140 | int COL=nrows(MA); |
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141 | module m=MA[1]; |
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142 | int i,j,k; |
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143 | for(i=2;i<=ROW;i++) |
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144 | { |
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145 | m=m,MA[i]; |
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146 | } |
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147 | |
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148 | |
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149 | //add zero rows or columns |
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150 | //add zero rows or columns |
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151 | int adrow=0; |
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152 | for(i=1;i<=COL;i++) |
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153 | { |
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154 | k=0; |
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155 | for(j=1;j<=ROW;j++) |
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156 | { |
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157 | if(MA[i,j]!=0){k=1;} |
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158 | } |
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159 | if(k==0){adrow++;} |
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160 | } |
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161 | |
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162 | m=transpose(m); |
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163 | for(i=1;i<=adrow;i++){m=m,0;} |
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164 | m=transpose(m); |
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165 | |
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166 | list RINGLIST=ringlist(R); |
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167 | list o="C",0; |
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168 | list oo="lp",1; |
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169 | list ORD=o,oo; |
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170 | RINGLIST[3]=ORD; |
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171 | def r=ring(RINGLIST); |
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172 | setring r; |
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173 | //fix the required ordering |
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174 | map MAP=R,var(1); |
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175 | module m=MAP(m); |
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176 | |
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177 | int flag=1; ///////////////counts if the underlying ring is r (flag mod 2 == 1) or ro (flag mod 2 == 0) |
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178 | |
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179 | module TrafoL=freemodule(COL); |
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180 | module TrafoR=freemodule(ROW); |
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181 | module EXL=freemodule(COL); //because we start with transpose(m) |
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182 | module EXR=freemodule(ROW); |
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183 | |
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184 | option(redSB); |
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185 | option(redTail); |
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186 | module STD_EX; |
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187 | module Trafo; |
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188 | |
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189 | int s,st,p,ff; |
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190 | |
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191 | module LT,TSTD; |
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192 | module STD=transpose(m); |
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193 | int finish=0; |
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194 | int fehlpos; |
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195 | list pos; |
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196 | matrix END; |
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197 | matrix ENDSTD; |
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198 | matrix STDFIN; |
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199 | STDFIN=STD; |
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200 | list COMPARE=STDFIN; |
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201 | |
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202 | while(finish==0) |
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203 | { |
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204 | dbprint(ppl,"Going into the while cycle"); |
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205 | |
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206 | if(flag mod 2==1) |
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207 | { |
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208 | STD_EX=EXL,transpose(STD); |
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209 | } |
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210 | else |
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211 | { |
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212 | STD_EX=EXR,transpose(STD); |
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213 | } |
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214 | dbprint(ppl,"Computing Groebner basis: start"); |
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215 | dbprint(ppl-1,STD); |
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216 | STD=engine(STD,BASIS); |
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217 | dbprint(ppl,"Computing Groebner basis: finished"); |
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218 | dbprint(ppl-1,STD); |
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219 | |
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220 | if(flag mod 2==1){s=ROW; st=COL;}else{s=COL; st=ROW;} |
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221 | dbprint(ppl,"Computing Groebner basis for transformation matrix: start"); |
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222 | dbprint(ppl-1,STD_EX); |
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223 | STD_EX=transpose(STD_EX); |
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224 | STD_EX=engine(STD_EX,BASIS); |
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225 | dbprint(ppl,"Computing Groebner basis for transformation matrix: finished"); |
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226 | dbprint(ppl-1,STD_EX); |
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227 | |
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228 | //////// split STD_EX in STD and the transformation matrix |
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229 | STD_EX=transpose(STD_EX); |
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230 | STD=STD_EX[st+1]; |
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231 | LT=STD_EX[1]; |
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232 | |
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233 | ENDSTD=STD_EX; |
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234 | for(i=2; i<=ncols(ENDSTD); i++) |
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235 | { |
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236 | if (i<=st) |
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237 | { |
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238 | LT=LT,STD_EX[i]; |
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239 | } |
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240 | if (i>st+1) |
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241 | { |
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242 | STD=STD,STD_EX[i]; |
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243 | } |
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244 | } |
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245 | |
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246 | STD=transpose(STD); |
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247 | LT=transpose(LT); |
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248 | |
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249 | ////////////////////// compute the transformation matrices |
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250 | |
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251 | if (flag mod 2 ==1) |
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252 | { |
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253 | TrafoL=transpose(LT)*TrafoL; |
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254 | } |
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255 | else |
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256 | { |
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257 | TrafoR=TrafoR*LT; |
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258 | } |
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259 | |
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260 | |
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261 | STDFIN=STD; |
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262 | /////////////////////////////////// check if the D-th row is finished /////////////////////////////////// |
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263 | COMPARE=insert(COMPARE,STDFIN); |
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264 | if(size(COMPARE)>=3) |
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265 | { |
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266 | if(STD==COMPARE[3]){finish=1;} |
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267 | } |
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268 | ////////////////////////////////// change to the opposite module |
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269 | TSTD=transpose(STD); |
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270 | STD=TSTD; |
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271 | flag++; |
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272 | dbprint(ppl,"Finished one while cycle"); |
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273 | } |
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274 | |
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275 | |
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276 | if (flag mod 2!=0) { STD=transpose(STD); } |
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277 | |
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278 | |
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279 | //zero colums to the end |
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280 | matrix STDMM=STD; |
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281 | pos=list(); |
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282 | fehlpos=0; |
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283 | while( size(STD)+fehlpos-ncols(STDMM) < 0) |
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284 | { |
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285 | for(i=1; i<=ncols(STDMM); i++) |
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286 | { |
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287 | ff=0; |
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288 | for(j=1; j<=nrows(STDMM); j++) |
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289 | { |
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290 | if (STD[j,i]==0) { ff++; } |
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291 | } |
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292 | if(ff==nrows(STDMM)) |
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293 | { |
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294 | pos=insert(pos,i); fehlpos++; |
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295 | } |
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296 | } |
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297 | } |
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298 | int fehlposc=fehlpos; |
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299 | module SORT; |
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300 | for(i=1; i<=fehlpos; i++) |
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301 | { |
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302 | SORT=gen(2); |
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303 | for (j=3;j<=ROW;j++) |
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304 | { |
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305 | SORT=SORT,gen(j); |
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306 | } |
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307 | SORT=SORT,gen(1); |
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308 | STD=STD*SORT; |
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309 | TrafoR=TrafoR*SORT; |
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310 | } |
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311 | |
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312 | //zero rows to the end |
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313 | STDMM=transpose(STD); |
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314 | pos=list(); |
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315 | fehlpos=0; |
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316 | while( size(transpose(STD))+fehlpos-ncols(STDMM) < 0) |
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317 | { |
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318 | for(i=1; i<=ncols(STDMM); i++) |
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319 | { |
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320 | ff=0; for(j=1; j<=nrows(STDMM); j++) |
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321 | { |
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322 | if(transpose(STD)[j,i]==0){ ff++;}} |
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323 | if(ff==nrows(STDMM)) { pos=insert(pos,i); fehlpos++; } |
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324 | } |
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325 | } |
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326 | int fehlposr=fehlpos; |
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327 | |
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328 | for(i=1; i<=fehlpos; i++) |
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329 | { |
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330 | SORT=gen(2); |
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331 | for(j=3;j<=COL;j++){SORT=SORT,gen(j);} |
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332 | SORT=SORT,gen(1); |
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333 | SORT=transpose(SORT); |
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334 | STD=SORT*STD; |
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335 | TrafoL=SORT*TrafoL; |
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336 | } |
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337 | |
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338 | setring R; |
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339 | map MAPinv=r,var(1); |
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340 | module STD=MAPinv(STD); |
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341 | module TrafoL=MAPinv(TrafoL); |
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342 | matrix TrafoLM=TrafoL; |
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343 | module TrafoR=MAPinv(TrafoR); |
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344 | matrix TrafoRM=TrafoR; |
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345 | matrix STDM=STD; |
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346 | |
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347 | //Test |
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348 | if(TrafoLM*m*TrafoRM!=STDM){ return(0); } |
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349 | |
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350 | list RUECK=TrafoRM; |
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351 | RUECK=insert(RUECK,STDM); |
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352 | RUECK=insert(RUECK,TrafoLM); |
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353 | return(RUECK); |
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354 | } |
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355 | |
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356 | |
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357 | static proc divisibility(matrix M) |
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358 | { |
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359 | matrix STDM=M; |
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360 | int i,j; |
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361 | int ROW=nrows(M); |
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362 | int COL=ncols(M); |
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363 | module TrafoR=freemodule(COL); |
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364 | module TrafoL=freemodule(ROW); |
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365 | module SORT; |
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366 | matrix TrafoRM=TrafoR; |
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367 | matrix TrafoLM=TrafoL; |
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368 | list posdeg0; |
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369 | int posdeg=0; |
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370 | int act; |
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371 | int Sort=ROW; |
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372 | if(size(std(STDM))!=0) |
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373 | { while( size(transpose(STDM)[Sort])==0 ){Sort--;}} |
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374 | |
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375 | for(i=1;i<=Sort ;i++) |
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376 | { |
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377 | if(leadexp(STDM[i,i])==0){posdeg0=insert(posdeg0,i);posdeg++;} |
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378 | } |
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379 | //entries of degree 0 at the beginning |
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380 | for(i=1; i<=posdeg; i++) |
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381 | { |
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382 | act=posdeg0[i]; |
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383 | SORT=gen(act); |
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384 | for(j=1; j<=COL; j++){if(j!=act){SORT=SORT,gen(j);}} |
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385 | STDM=STDM*SORT; |
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386 | TrafoRM=TrafoRM*SORT; |
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387 | SORT=gen(act); |
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388 | for(j=1; j<=ROW; j++){if(j!=act){SORT=SORT,gen(j);}} |
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389 | STDM=transpose(SORT)*STDM; |
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390 | TrafoLM=transpose(SORT)*TrafoLM; |
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391 | } |
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392 | |
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393 | poly G; |
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394 | module UNITL=freemodule(ROW); |
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395 | matrix GCDL=UNITL; |
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396 | module UNITR=freemodule(COL); |
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397 | matrix GCDR=UNITR; |
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398 | for(i=posdeg+1; i<=Sort; i++) |
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399 | { |
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400 | for(j=i+1; j<=Sort; j++) |
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401 | { |
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402 | GCDL=UNITL; |
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403 | GCDR=UNITR; |
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404 | G=gcd(STDM[i,i],STDM[j,j]); |
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405 | ideal Z=STDM[i,i],STDM[j,j]; |
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406 | matrix T=lift(Z,G); |
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407 | GCDL[i,i]=T[1,1]; |
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408 | GCDL[i,j]=T[2,1]; |
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409 | GCDL[j,i]=-STDM[j,j]/G; |
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410 | GCDL[j,j]=STDM[i,i]/G; |
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411 | GCDR[i,j]=T[2,1]*STDM[j,j]/G; |
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412 | GCDR[j,j]=T[2,1]*STDM[j,j]/G-1; |
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413 | GCDR[j,i]=1; |
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414 | STDM=GCDL*STDM*GCDR; |
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415 | TrafoLM=GCDL*TrafoLM; |
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416 | TrafoRM=TrafoRM*GCDR; |
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417 | } |
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418 | } |
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419 | list RUECK=TrafoRM; |
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420 | RUECK=insert(RUECK,STDM); |
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421 | RUECK=insert(RUECK,TrafoLM); |
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422 | return(RUECK); |
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423 | } |
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424 | |
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425 | static proc diagonal_without_trafo( R, matrix MA, int B) |
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426 | { |
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427 | int ppl = printlevel-voice+2; |
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428 | |
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429 | int BASIS=B; |
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430 | int ROW=ncols(MA); |
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431 | int COL=nrows(MA); |
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432 | module m=MA[1]; |
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433 | int i; |
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434 | for(i=2;i<=ROW;i++) |
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435 | {m=m,MA[i];} |
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436 | |
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437 | |
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438 | list RINGLIST=ringlist(R); |
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439 | list o="C",0; |
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440 | list oo="lp",1; |
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441 | list ORD=o,oo; |
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442 | RINGLIST[3]=ORD; |
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443 | def r=ring(RINGLIST); |
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444 | setring r; |
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445 | //RICHTIGE ORDNUNG MACHEN |
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446 | map MAP=R,var(1); |
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447 | module m=MAP(m); |
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448 | |
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449 | int flag=1; ///////////////counts if the underlying ring is r (flag mod 2 == 1) or ro (flag mod 2 == 0) |
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450 | |
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451 | |
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452 | int act, j, ff; |
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453 | option(redSB); |
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454 | option(redTail); |
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455 | |
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456 | |
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457 | module STD=transpose(m); |
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458 | module TSTD; |
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459 | int finish=0; |
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460 | matrix STDFIN; |
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461 | STDFIN=STD; |
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462 | list COMPARE=STDFIN; |
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463 | |
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464 | while(finish==0) |
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465 | { |
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466 | dbprint(ppl,"Going into the while cycle"); |
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467 | dbprint(ppl,"Computing Groebner basis: start"); |
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468 | dbprint(ppl-1,STD); |
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469 | STD=engine(STD,BASIS); |
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470 | dbprint(ppl,"Computing Groebner basis: finished"); |
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471 | dbprint(ppl-1,STD); |
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472 | STDFIN=STD; |
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473 | /////////////////////////////////// check if the D-th row is finished /////////////////////////////////// |
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474 | COMPARE=insert(COMPARE,STDFIN); |
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475 | if(size(COMPARE)>=3) |
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476 | { |
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477 | if(STD==COMPARE[3]){finish=1;} |
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478 | } |
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479 | ////////////////////////////////// change to the opposite module |
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480 | |
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481 | TSTD=transpose(STD); |
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482 | STD=TSTD; |
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483 | flag++; |
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484 | dbprint(ppl,"Finished one while cycle"); |
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485 | } |
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486 | |
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487 | matrix STDMM=STD; |
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488 | list pos=list(); |
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489 | int fehlpos=0; |
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490 | while( size(STD)+fehlpos-ncols(STDMM) < 0) |
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491 | { |
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492 | for(i=1; i<=ncols(STDMM); i++) |
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493 | { |
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494 | ff=0; |
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495 | for(j=1; j<=nrows(STDMM); j++) |
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496 | { |
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497 | if (STD[j,i]==0) { ff++; } |
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498 | } |
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499 | if(ff==nrows(STDMM)) |
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500 | { |
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501 | pos=insert(pos,i); fehlpos++; |
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502 | } |
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503 | } |
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504 | } |
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505 | int fehlposc=fehlpos; |
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506 | module SORT; |
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507 | for(i=1; i<=fehlpos; i++) |
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508 | { |
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509 | SORT=gen(2); |
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510 | for (j=3;j<=ROW;j++) |
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511 | { |
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512 | SORT=SORT,gen(j); |
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513 | } |
---|
514 | SORT=SORT,gen(1); |
---|
515 | STD=STD*SORT; |
---|
516 | } |
---|
517 | |
---|
518 | //zero rows to the end |
---|
519 | STDMM=transpose(STD); |
---|
520 | pos=list(); |
---|
521 | fehlpos=0; |
---|
522 | while( size(transpose(STD))+fehlpos-ncols(STDMM) < 0) |
---|
523 | { |
---|
524 | for(i=1; i<=ncols(STDMM); i++) |
---|
525 | { |
---|
526 | ff=0; for(j=1; j<=nrows(STDMM); j++) |
---|
527 | { |
---|
528 | if(transpose(STD)[j,i]==0){ ff++;}} |
---|
529 | if(ff==nrows(STDMM)) { pos=insert(pos,i); fehlpos++; } |
---|
530 | } |
---|
531 | } |
---|
532 | int fehlposr=fehlpos; |
---|
533 | |
---|
534 | for(i=1; i<=fehlpos; i++) |
---|
535 | { |
---|
536 | SORT=gen(2); |
---|
537 | for(j=3;j<=COL;j++){SORT=SORT,gen(j);} |
---|
538 | SORT=SORT,gen(1); |
---|
539 | SORT=transpose(SORT); |
---|
540 | STD=SORT*STD; |
---|
541 | } |
---|
542 | |
---|
543 | //add zero rows or columns |
---|
544 | |
---|
545 | int adrow=COL-size(transpose(STD)); |
---|
546 | int adcol=ROW-size(STD); |
---|
547 | |
---|
548 | for(i=1;i<=adcol;i++){STD=STD,0;} |
---|
549 | STD=transpose(STD); |
---|
550 | for(i=1;i<=adrow;i++){STD=STD,0;} |
---|
551 | STD=transpose(STD); |
---|
552 | |
---|
553 | setring R; |
---|
554 | map MAPinv=r,var(1); |
---|
555 | module STD=MAPinv(STD); |
---|
556 | matrix STDM=STD; |
---|
557 | return(STDM); |
---|
558 | } |
---|
559 | |
---|
560 | |
---|
561 | |
---|
562 | static proc engine(module I, int i) |
---|
563 | { |
---|
564 | module J; |
---|
565 | if (i==0) |
---|
566 | { |
---|
567 | J = std(I); |
---|
568 | } |
---|
569 | if (i==1) |
---|
570 | { |
---|
571 | J = groebner(I); |
---|
572 | } |
---|
573 | if (i==2) |
---|
574 | { |
---|
575 | J = slimgb(I); |
---|
576 | } |
---|
577 | return(J); |
---|
578 | } |
---|
579 | |
---|
580 | proc jacobson(matrix MA, list #) |
---|
581 | "USAGE: jacobson(M[, eng]); M matrix, eng an optional int |
---|
582 | RETURN: list |
---|
583 | ASSUME: Basering is a noncommutative ring in two variables. |
---|
584 | PURPOSE: compute a weak Jacobson Normal Form of M over a noncommutative ring |
---|
585 | NOTE: A list L of matrices {U,D,V} is returned. That is U*M*V=D, where |
---|
586 | @* D is a diagonal matrix and U, V square invertible (unimodular) matrices. |
---|
587 | @* Note, that M can be rectangular. |
---|
588 | @* The optional integer @code{eng} determines the engine, that computes the Groebner basis: |
---|
589 | @* 0 means 'std' (default), 1 means 'groebner' and 2 means 'slimgb'. |
---|
590 | DISPLAY: If @code{printlevel}=1, progress debug messages will be printed, |
---|
591 | @* if @code{printlevel}>=2, all the debug messages will be printed. |
---|
592 | EXAMPLE: example jacobson; shows examples |
---|
593 | " |
---|
594 | { |
---|
595 | def R = basering; |
---|
596 | // check assume: R must be a polynomial ring in 2 variables |
---|
597 | setring R; |
---|
598 | if ( (nvars(R) !=2 ) ) |
---|
599 | { |
---|
600 | ERROR("Basering must have exactly two variables"); |
---|
601 | } |
---|
602 | |
---|
603 | // check if MA is zero matrix and return corr. U,V |
---|
604 | if ( (size(module(MA))==0) and (size(transpose(module(MA)))==0) ) |
---|
605 | { |
---|
606 | int nr = nrows(MA); |
---|
607 | int nc = ncols(MA); |
---|
608 | matrix U = matrix(freemodule(nr)); |
---|
609 | matrix V = matrix(freemodule(nc)); |
---|
610 | list L; L[1]=U; L[2] = MA; L[3] = V; |
---|
611 | return(L); |
---|
612 | } |
---|
613 | |
---|
614 | int B=0; |
---|
615 | if ( size(#)>0 ) |
---|
616 | { |
---|
617 | if (typeof(#[1])=="int") |
---|
618 | { |
---|
619 | B = #[1]; // zero can also happen |
---|
620 | } |
---|
621 | } |
---|
622 | |
---|
623 | //change ring |
---|
624 | list RINGLIST=ringlist(R); |
---|
625 | list o="C",0; |
---|
626 | intvec v=0,1; |
---|
627 | list oo="a",v; |
---|
628 | v=1,1; |
---|
629 | list ooo="lp",v; |
---|
630 | list ORD=o,oo,ooo; |
---|
631 | RINGLIST[3]=ORD; |
---|
632 | def r=ring(RINGLIST); |
---|
633 | setring r; |
---|
634 | |
---|
635 | //fix the required ordering |
---|
636 | matrix M=imap(R, MA); |
---|
637 | |
---|
638 | list T = triangle(M,B); |
---|
639 | module TrafoL = T[1]; |
---|
640 | module m = T[2]; |
---|
641 | module TrafoR = T[3]; |
---|
642 | |
---|
643 | //back to the ring |
---|
644 | setring R; |
---|
645 | |
---|
646 | matrix MAA = imap(r, m); |
---|
647 | matrix CON=divideByContent(MAA); |
---|
648 | matrix TL = imap(r, TrafoL); |
---|
649 | matrix TR = imap(r, TrafoR); |
---|
650 | |
---|
651 | // TODO: CHECK WHETHER HERE SHOULD BE CON*TR!? |
---|
652 | return(list(CON*TL, CON*MAA, TR)); |
---|
653 | |
---|
654 | } |
---|
655 | example |
---|
656 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
657 | ring r = 0,(x,d),Dp; |
---|
658 | def R=nc_algebra(1,1); setring R; |
---|
659 | R; // the Weyl algebra in x and d |
---|
660 | jacobson(matrix(0)); |
---|
661 | |
---|
662 | matrix m[2][2]=d,x,0,d; |
---|
663 | print(m); |
---|
664 | list J = jacobson(m); // returns a list with 3 entries |
---|
665 | print(J[2]); // a Jacobson Form D |
---|
666 | J[1]; // U |
---|
667 | J[3]; // V |
---|
668 | |
---|
669 | print(J[1]*m*J[3] - J[2]); // check that U*M*V = D |
---|
670 | |
---|
671 | matrix m[3][2]=x, x^4+x^2+21, x^4+x^2+x, x^3+x, 4*x^2+x, x; |
---|
672 | print(m); // M |
---|
673 | list JJ = jacobson(m); // returns a list with 3 entries |
---|
674 | |
---|
675 | // TODO: BUG: WHY THE FOLLOWING JACOBSON FORM IS NOT DIAGONAL???! |
---|
676 | print(JJ[2]); // a Jacobson Form D |
---|
677 | print(JJ[1]*m*JJ[3] - JJ[2]); // check that U*M*V = D |
---|
678 | JJ[1]; // U |
---|
679 | JJ[3]; // V |
---|
680 | |
---|
681 | list S=smith(m,1); |
---|
682 | |
---|
683 | print(S[2]); // Smith Normal Form S of M |
---|
684 | print(S[1]*m*S[3] - S[2]); // check that U*M*V = S |
---|
685 | |
---|
686 | S[1]; // U |
---|
687 | S[3]; // V |
---|
688 | |
---|
689 | /* now, let us do the same for the shift algebra */ |
---|
690 | ring r2 = 0,(x,s),Dp; |
---|
691 | def R2 = nc_algebra(1,s); setring R2; // the 1st shift algebra |
---|
692 | matrix m[2][2] = s,x,0,s; print(m); // matrix of the same for as above |
---|
693 | list J = jacobson(m); |
---|
694 | print(J[2]); // a Jacobson Form D, quite different from above |
---|
695 | print(J[1]*m*J[3] - J[2]); // check that U*M*V = D |
---|
696 | |
---|
697 | } |
---|
698 | |
---|
699 | static proc triangle( matrix MA, int B) |
---|
700 | { |
---|
701 | int ppl = printlevel-voice+2; |
---|
702 | |
---|
703 | map inv=ncdetection(); |
---|
704 | int ROW=ncols(MA); |
---|
705 | int COL=nrows(MA); |
---|
706 | |
---|
707 | //generate a module consisting of the columns of MA |
---|
708 | module m=MA[1]; |
---|
709 | int i,j,s,st,p,k,ff,ex, nz, ii,nextp; |
---|
710 | for(i=2;i<=ROW;i++) |
---|
711 | { |
---|
712 | m=m,MA[i]; |
---|
713 | } |
---|
714 | int BASIS=B; |
---|
715 | |
---|
716 | //add zero rows or columns |
---|
717 | int adrow=0; |
---|
718 | for(i=1;i<=COL;i++) |
---|
719 | { |
---|
720 | k=0; |
---|
721 | for(j=1;j<=ROW;j++) |
---|
722 | { |
---|
723 | if(MA[i,j]!=0){k=1;} |
---|
724 | } |
---|
725 | if(k==0){adrow++;} |
---|
726 | } |
---|
727 | |
---|
728 | m=transpose(m); |
---|
729 | for(i=1;i<=adrow;i++){m=m,0;} |
---|
730 | m=transpose(m); |
---|
731 | |
---|
732 | |
---|
733 | int flag=1; ///////////////counts if the underlying ring is r (flag mod 2 == 1) or ro (flag mod 2 == 0) |
---|
734 | |
---|
735 | module TrafoL=freemodule(COL); |
---|
736 | module TrafoR=freemodule(ROW); |
---|
737 | module EXL=freemodule(COL); //because we start with transpose(m) |
---|
738 | module EXR=freemodule(ROW); |
---|
739 | |
---|
740 | option(redSB); |
---|
741 | option(redTail); |
---|
742 | module STD_EX,LT,TSTD, L, Trafo; |
---|
743 | |
---|
744 | |
---|
745 | |
---|
746 | module STD=transpose(m); |
---|
747 | int finish=0; |
---|
748 | list pos, COM, COM_EX; |
---|
749 | matrix END, ENDSTD, STDFIN; |
---|
750 | STDFIN=STD; |
---|
751 | list COMPARE=STDFIN; |
---|
752 | |
---|
753 | |
---|
754 | while(finish==0) |
---|
755 | { |
---|
756 | dbprint(ppl,"Going into the while cycle"); |
---|
757 | if(flag mod 2==1){STD_EX=EXL,transpose(STD); ex=2*COL;} else {STD_EX=EXR,transpose(STD); ex=2*ROW;} |
---|
758 | |
---|
759 | dbprint(ppl,"Computing Groebner basis: start"); |
---|
760 | dbprint(ppl-1,STD); |
---|
761 | STD=engine(STD,BASIS); |
---|
762 | dbprint(ppl,"Computing Groebner basis: finished"); |
---|
763 | dbprint(ppl-1,STD); |
---|
764 | if(flag mod 2==1){s=ROW; st=COL;}else{s=COL; st=ROW;} |
---|
765 | |
---|
766 | STD_EX=transpose(STD_EX); |
---|
767 | dbprint(ppl,"Computing Groebner basis for transformation matrix: start"); |
---|
768 | dbprint(ppl-1,STD_EX); |
---|
769 | STD_EX=engine(STD_EX,BASIS); |
---|
770 | dbprint(ppl,"Computing Groebner basis for transformation matrix: finished"); |
---|
771 | dbprint(ppl-1,STD_EX); |
---|
772 | |
---|
773 | COM=1; |
---|
774 | COM_EX=1; |
---|
775 | for(i=2; i<=size(STD); i++) |
---|
776 | { COM=COM[1..size(COM)],i; COM_EX=COM_EX[1..size(COM_EX)],i; } |
---|
777 | nz=size(STD_EX)-size(STD); |
---|
778 | |
---|
779 | //zero rows in the begining |
---|
780 | |
---|
781 | if(size(STD)!=size(STD_EX) ) |
---|
782 | { |
---|
783 | for(i=1; i<=size(STD_EX)-size(STD); i++) |
---|
784 | { |
---|
785 | COM_EX=0,COM_EX[1..size(COM_EX)]; |
---|
786 | } |
---|
787 | } |
---|
788 | |
---|
789 | |
---|
790 | |
---|
791 | |
---|
792 | for(i=nz+1; i<=size(STD_EX); i++ ) |
---|
793 | {if( leadcoef(STD[i-nz])!=leadcoef(STD_EX[i]) ) {STD[i-nz]=leadcoef(STD_EX[i])*STD[i-nz];} |
---|
794 | } |
---|
795 | |
---|
796 | //assign the zero rows in STD_EX |
---|
797 | |
---|
798 | for (j=2; j<=nz; j++) |
---|
799 | { |
---|
800 | p=0; |
---|
801 | i=1; |
---|
802 | while(STD_EX[j-1][i]==0){i++;}; |
---|
803 | p=i-1; |
---|
804 | nextp=1; |
---|
805 | k=0; |
---|
806 | i=1; |
---|
807 | while(STD_EX[j][i]==0 and i<=p) |
---|
808 | { k++; i++;} |
---|
809 | if (k==p){ COM_EX[j]=-1; } |
---|
810 | } |
---|
811 | |
---|
812 | //assign the zero rows in STD |
---|
813 | for (j=2; j<=size(STD); j++) |
---|
814 | { |
---|
815 | i=size(transpose(STD)); |
---|
816 | while(STD[j-1][i]==0){i--;} |
---|
817 | p=i; |
---|
818 | i=size(transpose(STD[j])); |
---|
819 | while(STD[j][i]==0){i--;} |
---|
820 | if (i==p){ COM[j]=-1; } |
---|
821 | } |
---|
822 | |
---|
823 | for(j=1; j<=size(COM); j++) |
---|
824 | { |
---|
825 | if(COM[j]<0){COM=delete(COM,j);} |
---|
826 | } |
---|
827 | |
---|
828 | for(i=1; i<=size(COM_EX); i++) |
---|
829 | {ff=0; |
---|
830 | if(COM_EX[i]==0){ff=1;} |
---|
831 | else |
---|
832 | { for(j=1; j<=size(COM); j++) |
---|
833 | { if(COM_EX[i]==COM[j]){ff=1;} } |
---|
834 | } |
---|
835 | if(ff==0){COM_EX[i]=-1;} |
---|
836 | } |
---|
837 | |
---|
838 | L=STD_EX[1]; |
---|
839 | for(i=2; i<=size(COM_EX); i++) |
---|
840 | { |
---|
841 | if(COM_EX[i]!=-1){L=L,STD_EX[i];} |
---|
842 | } |
---|
843 | |
---|
844 | //////// split STD_EX in STD and the transformation matrix |
---|
845 | |
---|
846 | L=transpose(L); |
---|
847 | STD=L[st+1]; |
---|
848 | LT=L[1]; |
---|
849 | |
---|
850 | |
---|
851 | for(i=2; i<=s+st; i++) |
---|
852 | { |
---|
853 | if (i<=st) |
---|
854 | { |
---|
855 | LT=LT,L[i]; |
---|
856 | } |
---|
857 | if (i>st+1) |
---|
858 | { |
---|
859 | STD=STD,L[i]; |
---|
860 | } |
---|
861 | } |
---|
862 | |
---|
863 | STD=transpose(STD); |
---|
864 | STDFIN=matrix(STD); |
---|
865 | COMPARE=insert(COMPARE,STDFIN); |
---|
866 | LT=transpose(LT); |
---|
867 | |
---|
868 | ////////////////////// compute the transformation matrices |
---|
869 | |
---|
870 | if (flag mod 2 ==1) |
---|
871 | { |
---|
872 | TrafoL=transpose(LT)*TrafoL; |
---|
873 | } |
---|
874 | else |
---|
875 | { |
---|
876 | TrafoR=TrafoR*involution(LT,inv); |
---|
877 | } |
---|
878 | |
---|
879 | |
---|
880 | ///////////////////////// check whether the alg termined ///////////////// |
---|
881 | if(size(COMPARE)>=3) |
---|
882 | { |
---|
883 | if(STD==COMPARE[3]){finish=1;} |
---|
884 | } |
---|
885 | ////////////////////////////////// change to the opposite module |
---|
886 | TSTD=transpose(STD); |
---|
887 | STD=involution(TSTD,inv); |
---|
888 | flag++; |
---|
889 | dbprint(ppl,"Finished one while cycle"); |
---|
890 | } |
---|
891 | |
---|
892 | if (flag mod 2 ==0){ STD = involution(STD,inv);} else { STD = transpose(STD); } |
---|
893 | |
---|
894 | list REVERSE=TrafoL,STD,TrafoR; |
---|
895 | return(REVERSE); |
---|
896 | } |
---|
897 | |
---|
898 | static proc divideByContent(matrix M) |
---|
899 | { |
---|
900 | //find first entrie not equal to zero |
---|
901 | int i,k; |
---|
902 | k=1; |
---|
903 | vector CON; |
---|
904 | for(i=1;i<=ncols(M);i++) |
---|
905 | { |
---|
906 | if(leadcoef(M[i])!=0){CON=CON+leadcoef(M[i])*gen(k); k++;} |
---|
907 | } |
---|
908 | poly con=content(CON); |
---|
909 | matrix TL=1/con*freemodule(nrows(M)); |
---|
910 | return(TL); |
---|
911 | } |
---|
912 | |
---|
913 | |
---|
914 | /////interesting examples for smith//////////////// |
---|
915 | |
---|
916 | /* |
---|
917 | |
---|
918 | //static proc Ex_One_wheeled_bicycle() |
---|
919 | { |
---|
920 | ring RA=(0,m), D, lp; |
---|
921 | matrix bicycle[2][3]=(1+m)*D^2, D^2, 1, D^2, D^2-1, 0; |
---|
922 | list s=smith(bicycle, 1,0); |
---|
923 | print(s[2]); |
---|
924 | print(s[1]*bicycle*s[3]-s[2]); |
---|
925 | } |
---|
926 | |
---|
927 | |
---|
928 | //static proc Ex_RLC-circuit() |
---|
929 | { |
---|
930 | ring RA=(0,m,R1,R2,L,C), D, lp; |
---|
931 | matrix circuit[2][3]=D+1/(R1*C), 0, -1/(R1*C), 0, D+R2/L, -1/L; |
---|
932 | list s=smith(circuit, 1,0); |
---|
933 | print(s[2]); |
---|
934 | print(s[1]*circuit*s[3]-s[2]); |
---|
935 | } |
---|
936 | |
---|
937 | |
---|
938 | //static proc Ex_two_pendula() |
---|
939 | { |
---|
940 | ring RA=(0,m,M,L1,L2,m1,m2,g), D, lp; |
---|
941 | matrix pendula[3][4]=m1*L1*D^2,m2*L2*D^2,(M+m1+m2)*D^2,-1,m1*L1^2*D^2-m1*L1*g,0,m1*L1*D^2,0,0, |
---|
942 | m2*L2^2*D^2-m2*L2*g,m2*L2*D^2,0; |
---|
943 | list s=smith(pendula, 1,0); |
---|
944 | print(s[2]); |
---|
945 | print(s[1]*pendula*s[3]-s[2]); |
---|
946 | } |
---|
947 | |
---|
948 | //static proc Ex_linerized_satellite_in_a_circular_equatorial_orbit() |
---|
949 | { |
---|
950 | ring RA=(0,m,omega,r,a,b), D, lp; |
---|
951 | matrix satellite[4][6]= |
---|
952 | D,-1,0,0,0,0, |
---|
953 | -3*omega^2,D,0,-2*omega*r,-a/m,0, |
---|
954 | 0,0,D,-1,0,0, |
---|
955 | 0,2*omega/r,0,D,0,-b/(m*r); |
---|
956 | list s=smith(satellite, 1,0); |
---|
957 | print(s[2]); |
---|
958 | print(s[1]*satellite*s[3]-s[2]); |
---|
959 | } |
---|
960 | |
---|
961 | //static proc Ex_flexible_one_link_robot() |
---|
962 | { |
---|
963 | ring RA=(0,M11,M12,M13,M21,M22,M31,M33,K1,K2), D, lp; |
---|
964 | matrix robot[3][4]=M11*D^2,M12*D^2,M13*D^2,-1,M21*D^2,M22*D^2+K1,0,0,M31*D^2,0,M33*D^2+K2,0; |
---|
965 | list s=smith(robot, 1,0); |
---|
966 | print(s[2]); |
---|
967 | print(s[1]*robot*s[3]-s[2]); |
---|
968 | } |
---|
969 | |
---|
970 | */ |
---|
971 | |
---|
972 | |
---|
973 | /////interesting examples for jacobson//////////////// |
---|
974 | |
---|
975 | /* |
---|
976 | |
---|
977 | //static proc Ex_compare_output_with_maple_package_JanetOre() |
---|
978 | { |
---|
979 | ring w = 0,(x,d),Dp; |
---|
980 | def W=nc_algebra(1,1); |
---|
981 | setring W; |
---|
982 | matrix m[3][3]=[d2,d+1,0],[d+1,0,d3-x2*d],[2d+1, d3+d2, d2]; |
---|
983 | list J=jacobson(m,0); |
---|
984 | print(J[1]*m*J[3]); |
---|
985 | print(J[2]); |
---|
986 | print(J[1]); |
---|
987 | print(J[3]); |
---|
988 | print(J[1]*m*J[3]-J[2]); |
---|
989 | } |
---|
990 | |
---|
991 | // modification for shift algebra |
---|
992 | { |
---|
993 | ring w = 0,(x,s),Dp; |
---|
994 | def W=nc_algebra(1,s); |
---|
995 | setring W; |
---|
996 | matrix m[3][3]=[s^2,s+1,0],[s+1,0,s^3-x^2*s],[2*s+1, s^3+s^2, s^2]; |
---|
997 | list J=jacobson(m,0); |
---|
998 | print(J[1]*m*J[3]); |
---|
999 | print(J[2]); |
---|
1000 | print(J[1]); |
---|
1001 | print(J[3]); |
---|
1002 | print(J[1]*m*J[3]-J[2]); |
---|
1003 | } |
---|
1004 | |
---|
1005 | //static proc Ex_cyclic() |
---|
1006 | { |
---|
1007 | ring w = 0,(x,d),Dp; |
---|
1008 | def W=nc_algebra(1,1); |
---|
1009 | setring W; |
---|
1010 | matrix m[3][3]=d,0,0,x*d+1,d,0,0,x*d,d; |
---|
1011 | list J=jacobson(m,0); |
---|
1012 | print(J[1]*m*J[3]); |
---|
1013 | print(J[2]); |
---|
1014 | print(J[1]); |
---|
1015 | print(J[3]); |
---|
1016 | print(J[1]*m*J[3]-J[2]); |
---|
1017 | } |
---|
1018 | |
---|
1019 | // modification for shift algebra: gives a module with ann = s^2 |
---|
1020 | { |
---|
1021 | ring w = 0,(x,s),Dp; |
---|
1022 | def W=nc_algebra(1,s); |
---|
1023 | setring W; |
---|
1024 | matrix m[3][3]=s,0,0,x*s+1,s,0,0,x*s,s; |
---|
1025 | list J=jacobson(m,0); |
---|
1026 | print(J[1]*m*J[3]); |
---|
1027 | print(J[2]); |
---|
1028 | print(J[1]); |
---|
1029 | print(J[3]); |
---|
1030 | print(J[1]*m*J[3]-J[2]); |
---|
1031 | } |
---|
1032 | |
---|
1033 | // yet another modification for shift algebra: gives a module with ann = s |
---|
1034 | // xs+1 is replaced by x*s+s |
---|
1035 | { |
---|
1036 | ring w = 0,(x,s),Dp; |
---|
1037 | def W=nc_algebra(1,s); |
---|
1038 | setring W; |
---|
1039 | matrix m[3][3]=s,0,0,x*s+s,s,0,0,x*s,s; |
---|
1040 | list J=jacobson(m,0); |
---|
1041 | print(J[1]*m*J[3]); |
---|
1042 | print(J[2]); |
---|
1043 | print(J[1]); |
---|
1044 | print(J[3]); |
---|
1045 | print(J[1]*m*J[3]-J[2]); |
---|
1046 | } |
---|
1047 | |
---|
1048 | // variations for above setup with shift algebra: |
---|
1049 | |
---|
1050 | // easy but instructive one: see the difference to Weyl case! |
---|
1051 | matrix m[2][2]=s,x,0,s; print(m); |
---|
1052 | |
---|
1053 | // more interesting: |
---|
1054 | matrix n[3][3]=s,x,0,0,s,x,s,0,x; |
---|
1055 | |
---|
1056 | // things blow up |
---|
1057 | matrix m[3][4] = s,x^2*s,x^3*s,s*x^2,s*x+1,(x+1)^3, (x+s)^2, x*s; |
---|
1058 | |
---|
1059 | // this one is quite nasty and time consuming |
---|
1060 | matrix m[3][4] = s,x^2*s,x^3*s,s*x^2,s*x+1,(x+1)^3, (x+s)^2, x*s,x,x^2,x^3,s; |
---|
1061 | |
---|
1062 | */ |
---|
1063 | |
---|