1 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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2 | version="$Id: center.lib,v 1.24 2006-07-28 13:01:08 motsak Exp $" |
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3 | category="Noncommutative" |
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4 | info=" |
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5 | LIBRARY: center.lib Computation of central elements of GR-algebras |
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6 | |
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7 | AUTHOR: Oleksandr Motsak, email: motsak@mathematik.uni-kl.de |
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8 | |
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9 | OVERVIEW: A library for computing elements of the center and centralizers of sets of elements in GR-algebras. |
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10 | |
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11 | KEYWORDS: center; centralizer; reduce; centralize; PBW |
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12 | |
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13 | PROCEDURES: |
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14 | centralizeSet(F, V) v.s. basis of the centralizer of F within V |
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15 | centralizerVS(F, D) v.s. basis of the centralizer of F |
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16 | centralizerRed(F, D[, N]) reduced basis of the centralizer of F |
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17 | centerVS(D) v.s. basis of the center |
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18 | centerRed(D[, k]) reduced basis of the center |
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19 | center(D[, k]) reduced basis of the center |
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20 | centralizer(F, D[, k]) reduced bais of the centralizer of F |
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21 | sa_reduce(V) 's.a. reduction' of pairwise commuting elements |
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22 | sa_poly_reduce(p, V) 's.a. reduction' of p by pairwise commuting elements |
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23 | inCenter(T) checks the centrality of list/ideal/poly T |
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24 | inCentralizer(T, S) checks whether list/ideal/poly T commute with S |
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25 | isCartan(p) checks whether polynomial p is a Cartan element |
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26 | applyAdF(Basis, f) images of elements under the k-linear map Ad_f |
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27 | linearMapKernel(Images) kernel of a linear map given by images |
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28 | linearCombinations(Basis, C) k-linear combinations of elements |
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29 | variablesStandard() set of algebra generators in their natural order |
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30 | variablesSorted() heuristically sorted set of algebra generators |
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31 | PBW_eqDeg(Deg) PBW monomials of given degree |
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32 | PBW_maxDeg(MaxDeg) PBW monomials up to given degree |
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33 | PBW_maxMonom(MaxMonom) PBW monomials up to given maximal monomial |
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34 | "; |
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35 | |
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36 | LIB "general.lib" // for "sort" |
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37 | LIB "poly.lib" // for "maxdeg" |
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38 | |
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39 | |
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40 | /******************************************************/ |
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41 | // ::DefaultStuff:: Shortcuts to useful short functions. Just to avoid if( if( if( ... ))). |
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42 | /******************************************************/ |
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43 | |
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44 | |
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45 | /******************************************************/ |
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46 | static proc DefaultValue ( def s, list # ) // Process general variable parameters list |
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47 | " |
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48 | RETURN: s or (typeof(s))(#) |
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49 | " |
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50 | { |
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51 | def @p = s; |
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52 | if ( size(#) > 0 ) |
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53 | { |
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54 | if ( typeof(#[1]) == typeof(s) ) |
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55 | { |
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56 | @p = #[1]; |
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57 | } |
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58 | } |
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59 | return( @p ); |
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60 | } |
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61 | |
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62 | /******************************************************/ |
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63 | static proc DefaultInt( list # ) // Process variable parameters list with 'int' default value |
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64 | " |
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65 | RETURN: 0 or int(#) |
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66 | " |
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67 | { |
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68 | int @p = 0; |
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69 | return( DefaultValue( @p, # ) ); |
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70 | } |
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71 | |
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72 | /******************************************************/ |
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73 | static proc DefaultIdeal ( list # ) // Process variable parameters list with 'ideal' default value |
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74 | " |
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75 | RETURN: 0 or ideal(#) |
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76 | " |
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77 | { |
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78 | ideal @p = 0; |
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79 | return( DefaultValue( @p, # ) ); |
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80 | } |
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81 | |
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82 | |
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83 | |
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84 | /******************************************************/ |
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85 | // ::Debug:: Shortcuts to used debugging functions. |
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86 | /******************************************************/ |
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87 | |
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88 | |
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89 | /******************************************************/ |
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90 | static proc toprint( int pl ) // To print or not to print?!? The answer is here! |
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91 | " |
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92 | RETURN: 1 means to print, otherwise 0. |
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93 | " |
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94 | { |
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95 | return( printlevel >= ( 3 - pl) ); // voice + ? |
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96 | } |
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97 | |
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98 | /******************************************************/ |
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99 | static proc DBPrint( int pl, list # ) // My 'dbprint' which uses toprint(i). |
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100 | " |
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101 | USAGE: |
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102 | " |
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103 | { |
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104 | if( toprint(pl) ) |
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105 | { |
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106 | dbprint(1, #); |
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107 | } |
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108 | } |
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109 | |
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110 | /******************************************************/ |
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111 | static proc BCall( string Name, list # ) // This function must be called at the beginning of every 'mathematical' function. |
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112 | " |
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113 | USAGE: Name is a name of a mathematical function to trace. # means parameters into the function. |
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114 | " |
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115 | { |
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116 | if( toprint(0) ) |
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117 | { |
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118 | "CALL: ", Name, "( "; |
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119 | dbprint(1, #); |
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120 | " )"; |
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121 | } |
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122 | } |
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123 | |
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124 | /******************************************************/ |
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125 | static proc ECall(string Name, list #) // This function must be called at the end of every 'mathematical' function. |
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126 | " |
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127 | USAGE: Name is a name of a mathematical function to trace. # means result of the function. |
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128 | " |
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129 | { |
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130 | if( toprint(0) ) |
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131 | { |
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132 | "RET : ", Name, " => Result: {"; |
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133 | dbprint(1, #); |
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134 | " }"; |
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135 | } |
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136 | } |
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137 | |
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138 | |
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139 | |
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140 | /******************************************************/ |
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141 | // ::Helpers:: Small functions used in this library. |
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142 | /******************************************************/ |
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143 | |
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144 | /******************************************************/ |
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145 | static proc makeNice( def l ) |
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146 | " |
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147 | RETURN: the same as input |
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148 | PURPOSE: make 'nice' polynomials, kill scalars |
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149 | " |
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150 | { |
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151 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "makeNice", l ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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152 | |
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153 | poly p; |
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154 | |
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155 | if( typeof(l) == "poly" ) |
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156 | { |
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157 | // "normal" polynomial form == no denominators, gcd of coeffs is a unit |
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158 | l = cleardenom( l ); |
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159 | if ( maxdegInt(l) > 0 ) |
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160 | { |
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161 | l = cleardenom( l / leadcoef(l) ); |
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162 | } |
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163 | } else |
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164 | { |
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165 | if( typeof(l) == "ideal" ) |
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166 | { |
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167 | for( int i = 1; i <= size(l); i++ ) |
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168 | { |
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169 | p = l[i]; |
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170 | p = cleardenom( p ); |
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171 | |
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172 | // Now make polynomials look nice: |
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173 | if ( maxdegInt(p) > 0 ) // throw away scalars! |
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174 | { |
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175 | // "normal" polynomial form == no denominators, gcd of coeffs is a unit |
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176 | p = cleardenom( p / leadcoef(p) ); |
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177 | } else |
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178 | { |
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179 | p = 0; // no constants |
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180 | } |
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181 | l[i] = p; |
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182 | |
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183 | } |
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184 | |
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185 | l = simplify(l, 2 + 8); |
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186 | } |
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187 | } |
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188 | |
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189 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "makeNice", l ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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190 | return( l ); |
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191 | } |
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192 | |
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193 | |
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194 | |
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195 | /******************************************************/ |
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196 | static proc monomialForm( def p ) |
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197 | " |
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198 | : p is either poly or ideal |
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199 | RETURN: polynomial with all monomials from p but without coefficients. |
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200 | " |
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201 | { |
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202 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "monomialForm", p ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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203 | |
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204 | poly result = 0; int k, j; poly m; |
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205 | |
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206 | if( typeof(p) == "ideal" ) // |
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207 | { |
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208 | if( ncols(p) > 0 ) |
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209 | { |
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210 | result = uni_poly( p[1] ); |
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211 | |
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212 | for ( k = ncols(p); k > 1; k -- ) |
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213 | { |
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214 | for( j = size(p[k]); j > 0; j-- ) |
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215 | { |
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216 | m = leadmonom( p[k][j] ); |
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217 | |
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218 | if( size(result + m) > size(result) ) // trick! |
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219 | { |
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220 | result = result + m; |
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221 | } |
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222 | } |
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223 | |
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224 | } |
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225 | } |
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226 | } |
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227 | else |
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228 | { |
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229 | if( typeof(p) == "poly" ) // |
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230 | { |
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231 | result = uni_poly(p); |
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232 | } else |
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233 | { |
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234 | ERROR( "ERROR: Wrong input! Expected polynomial or ideal!" ); |
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235 | } |
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236 | } |
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237 | |
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238 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "monomialForm", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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239 | return( result ); |
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240 | } |
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241 | |
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242 | /******************************************************/ |
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243 | static proc uni_poly( poly p ) |
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244 | " |
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245 | returns polynomial with the same monomials but without coefficients. |
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246 | " |
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247 | { |
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248 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "uni_poly", p ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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249 | |
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250 | poly result = 0; |
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251 | |
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252 | for ( int k = size(p); k > 0; k -- ) |
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253 | { |
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254 | result = result + leadmonom( p[k] ); |
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255 | } |
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256 | |
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257 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "uni_poly", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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258 | return( result ); |
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259 | } |
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260 | |
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261 | |
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262 | |
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263 | |
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264 | |
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265 | /******************************************************/ |
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266 | static proc smoothQideal( ideal I, list #) |
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267 | " |
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268 | PURPOSE: smooths the ideal in a current QUOTIENT(!) ring. |
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269 | " |
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270 | { |
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271 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "smoothQideal", I ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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272 | |
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273 | ideal A = I - NF( I, twostd(DefaultIdeal(#)), 1 ); // component wise |
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274 | |
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275 | if( size(A) > 0 ) // Were there any changes (any non-zero component)? |
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276 | { |
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277 | ideal T; |
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278 | |
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279 | int j = 1; |
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280 | |
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281 | for( int i = 1; i <= ncols(I); i++ ) |
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282 | { |
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283 | if( size(A[i]) == 0 ) // keep only unchanged elements |
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284 | { |
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285 | T[ j ] = I[i]; j++; |
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286 | } |
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287 | } |
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288 | I = T; |
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289 | } |
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290 | |
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291 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "smoothQideal", I ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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292 | |
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293 | return( I ); |
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294 | } |
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295 | |
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296 | |
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297 | |
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298 | |
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299 | /******************************************************/ |
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300 | // ::PBW:: PBW basis construction. |
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301 | /******************************************************/ |
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302 | |
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303 | |
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304 | |
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305 | |
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306 | /******************************************************/ |
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307 | proc PBW_maxDeg( int MaxDeg ) |
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308 | " |
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309 | USAGE: PBW_maxDeg(MaxDeg); MaxDeg int |
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310 | PURPOSE: Compute PBW elements up to a given maximal degree. |
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311 | RETURN: ideal consisting of found elements. |
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312 | NOTE: unit is omitted. Weights are ignored! |
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313 | " |
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314 | { |
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315 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "PBW_maxDeg", MaxDeg ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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316 | |
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317 | ideal Basis = 0; |
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318 | |
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319 | for (int k = 1; k <= MaxDeg; k ++ ) |
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320 | { |
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321 | Basis = Basis + maxideal(k); |
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322 | } |
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323 | |
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324 | Basis = smoothQideal( Basis ); |
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325 | |
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326 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "PBW_maxDeg", Basis ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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327 | return( Basis ); |
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328 | } |
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329 | example |
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330 | { |
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331 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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332 | ring A = 0,(e,f,h),dp; |
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333 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
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334 | D[1,2]=-h; D[1,3]=2*e; D[2,3]=-2*f; |
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335 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
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336 | |
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337 | // PBW Basis of A_2 - monomials of degree <= 2, without unit: |
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338 | PBW_maxDeg( 2 ); |
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339 | } |
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340 | |
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341 | |
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342 | /******************************************************/ |
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343 | proc PBW_eqDeg( int Deg ) |
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344 | " |
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345 | USAGE: PBW_eqDeg(Deg); Deg int |
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346 | PURPOSE: Compute PBW elements of a given degree. |
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347 | RETURN: ideal consisting of found elements. |
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348 | NOTE: Unit is omitted. Weights are ignored! |
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349 | " |
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350 | { |
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351 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "PBW_eqDeg", Deg ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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352 | |
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353 | ideal Basis = smoothQideal( maxideal( Deg ) ); |
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354 | |
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355 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "PBW_eqDeg", Basis ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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356 | return( Basis ); |
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357 | } |
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358 | example |
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359 | { |
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360 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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361 | ring A = 0,(e,f,h),dp; |
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362 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
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363 | D[1,2]=-h; D[1,3]=2*e; D[2,3]=-2*f; |
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364 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
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365 | |
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366 | // PBW Basis of A_2 \ A_1 - monomials of degree == 2: |
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367 | PBW_eqDeg( 2 ); |
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368 | } |
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369 | |
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370 | |
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371 | /******************************************************/ |
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372 | proc PBW_maxMonom( poly MaxMonom ) |
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373 | " |
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374 | USAGE: PBW_maxMonom(m); m poly |
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375 | PURPOSE: Compute PBW elements up to a given maximal one. |
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376 | RETURN: ideal consisting of found elements. |
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377 | NOTE: Unit is omitted. Weights are ignored! |
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378 | " |
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379 | { |
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380 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "PBW_maxMonom", MaxMonom ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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381 | |
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382 | ideal K = 0; |
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383 | |
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384 | intvec exp = leadexp( MaxMonom ); |
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385 | |
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386 | for ( int k = 1; k <= size(exp); k ++ ) |
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387 | { |
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388 | K[ 1 + size(K) ] = var(k)^( 1 + exp[k] ); |
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389 | } |
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390 | |
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391 | attrib(K, "isSB", 1); |
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392 | |
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393 | K = kbase(K); |
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394 | |
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395 | K = K[ (ncols(K)-1)..1]; // reverse, kill last 1 |
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396 | |
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397 | K = smoothQideal( K ); |
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398 | |
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399 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "PBW_maxMonom", K ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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400 | |
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401 | return( K ); |
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402 | } |
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403 | example |
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404 | { |
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405 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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406 | ring A = 0,(e,f,h),dp; |
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407 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
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408 | D[1,2]=-h; D[1,3]=2*e; D[2,3]=-2*f; |
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409 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
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410 | |
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411 | // At most 1st degree in e, h and at most 2nd degree in f, unit is omitted: |
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412 | PBW_maxMonom( e*(f^2)* h ); |
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413 | } |
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414 | |
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415 | |
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416 | |
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417 | |
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418 | /******************************************************/ |
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419 | // ::CORE:: Core procedures... |
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420 | /******************************************************/ |
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421 | |
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422 | |
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423 | |
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424 | /******************************************************/ |
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425 | proc applyAdF( ideal I, poly p ) |
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426 | " |
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427 | USAGE: applyAdF(B, f); B ideal, f poly |
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428 | PURPOSE: Apply Ad_f to every element of B |
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429 | RETURN: ideal, generated by Ad_f(B[i]), 1<=i<=size(B) |
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430 | NOTE: Ad_f(v) := [f, v] = f*v - v*f |
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431 | SEE ALSO: linearMapKernel; linearMapKernel |
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432 | " |
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433 | { |
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434 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "applyAdF", I, p ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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435 | |
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436 | poly t; ideal II = 0; |
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437 | |
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438 | for ( int k = ncols(I); k > 0; k --) |
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439 | { |
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440 | t = I[k]; |
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441 | II[k] = p * t - t * p; // we have to reduce smooth images in Qrings... |
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442 | } |
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443 | |
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444 | II = NF( II, twostd(0) ); // ... now! |
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445 | |
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446 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "applyAdF", II ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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447 | return( II ); |
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448 | } |
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449 | example |
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450 | { |
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451 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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452 | ring A = 0,(e,f,h),dp; |
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453 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
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454 | D[1,2]=-h; D[1,3]=2*e; D[2,3]=-2*f; |
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455 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
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456 | |
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457 | // Let us consider the linear map Ad_{e} from A_2 into A. |
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458 | |
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459 | // Compute the PBW basis of A_2: |
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460 | ideal Basis = PBW_maxDeg( 2 ); Basis; |
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461 | |
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462 | // Compute images of basis elements under the linear map Ad_e: |
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463 | ideal Image = applyAdF( Basis, e ); Image; |
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464 | |
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465 | // Now we have a linear map given by: Basis_i --> Image_i |
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466 | // Let's compute its kernel K: |
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467 | |
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468 | // 1. compute syzygy module C: |
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469 | module C = linearMapKernel( Image ); C; |
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470 | |
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471 | // 2. compute corresponding combinations of basis vectors: |
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472 | ideal K = linearCombinations(Basis, C); K; |
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473 | |
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474 | // Let's check that Ad_e(K) is zero: |
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475 | applyAdF( K, e ); |
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476 | } |
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477 | |
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478 | |
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479 | |
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480 | /******************************************************/ |
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481 | proc linearMapKernel( ideal Images ) |
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482 | " |
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483 | USAGE: linearMapKernel( Images ); Images ideal |
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484 | PURPOSE: Computes the syzygy module of the linear map given by Images. |
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485 | RETURN: syzygy module, or int(0) if all images are zeroes |
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486 | SEE ALSO: applyAdF; linearMapKernel |
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487 | " |
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488 | { |
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489 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "linearMapKernel", Images ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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490 | |
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491 | // This must be a list of monomials in a form of polynomial (sum with coeffs == 1) |
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492 | poly Monomials = monomialForm( Images ); |
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493 | |
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494 | int N = size( Monomials ); // number of different monomials |
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495 | |
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496 | if ( N == 0 ) // & ncols( Images ) > 0 => all Images == 0 |
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497 | { |
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498 | int result = 0; |
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499 | |
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500 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "linearMapKernel", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
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501 | return( result ); |
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502 | } |
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503 | |
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504 | // Compute matrix MD |
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505 | module MD; // zero |
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506 | |
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507 | int x, y; |
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508 | |
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509 | vector w; |
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510 | |
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511 | poly p, m; |
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512 | |
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513 | int V = ncols(Images); // must be equal to ncols(Basis) and size(Basis)! |
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514 | |
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515 | // We take monomials as vector space basis of <Image>_k... |
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516 | |
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517 | // TODO: Is there any other way to compute a basis of it and represent images as |
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518 | // linear combination of them??? |
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519 | |
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520 | // Maybe some 'free resolution' stuff??? But we need linear maps only!!! |
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521 | |
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522 | for ( x = 1; x <= V; x++ ) // For every Image vector |
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523 | { |
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524 | w = 0; |
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525 | |
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526 | p = Images[x]; |
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527 | |
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528 | y = 1; // from 1st monomial in Monomials... |
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529 | |
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530 | while( size(p) > 0 ) |
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531 | { |
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532 | m = leadmonom(p); |
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533 | |
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534 | // y < N! |
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535 | while( Monomials[y] != m ) |
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536 | // There MUST be this monomial because of the construction of Monomials polynomial! |
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537 | { |
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538 | y++; // to size() |
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539 | } |
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540 | |
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541 | // found monomial m at position y. |
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542 | |
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543 | w = w + leadcoef(p) * gen(y); // leadcoef(p) MUST be nonzero! |
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544 | p = p - lead(p); // kill lead term |
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545 | } |
---|
546 | |
---|
547 | MD[x] = w; |
---|
548 | } |
---|
549 | |
---|
550 | /*******************************************/ |
---|
551 | |
---|
552 | // save options |
---|
553 | intvec v = option( get ); |
---|
554 | |
---|
555 | // set right options |
---|
556 | option( redSB ); |
---|
557 | option( redTail ); |
---|
558 | |
---|
559 | // compute everything in a right form |
---|
560 | MD = simplify( std( syz(MD) ), 1 + 2 + 8 ); |
---|
561 | // note that MD is a matrix of numbers - no polynomials... |
---|
562 | |
---|
563 | // restore options |
---|
564 | option( set, v ); |
---|
565 | |
---|
566 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "linearMapKernel", MD ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
567 | |
---|
568 | return( MD ); |
---|
569 | } |
---|
570 | example |
---|
571 | { |
---|
572 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
573 | ring A = 0,(e,f,h),dp; |
---|
574 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
575 | D[1,2]=-h; D[1,3]=2*e; D[2,3]=-2*f; |
---|
576 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
---|
577 | |
---|
578 | // Let us consider the linear map Ad_{e} from A_2 into A. |
---|
579 | |
---|
580 | // Compute the PBW basis of A_2: |
---|
581 | ideal Basis = PBW_maxDeg( 2 ); Basis; |
---|
582 | |
---|
583 | // Compute images of basis elements under the linear map Ad_e: |
---|
584 | ideal Image = applyAdF( Basis, e ); Image; |
---|
585 | |
---|
586 | // Now we have a linear map given by: Basis_i --> Image_i |
---|
587 | // Let's compute its kernel K: |
---|
588 | |
---|
589 | // 1. compute syzygy module C: |
---|
590 | module C = linearMapKernel( Image ); C; |
---|
591 | |
---|
592 | // 2. compute corresponding combinations of basis vectors: |
---|
593 | ideal K = linearCombinations(Basis, C); K; |
---|
594 | |
---|
595 | // Let's check that Ad_e(K) is zero: |
---|
596 | ideal Z = applyAdF( K, e ); Z; |
---|
597 | |
---|
598 | // Now linearMapKernel will return a single integer 0: |
---|
599 | def CC = linearMapKernel(Z); typeof(CC); CC; |
---|
600 | } |
---|
601 | |
---|
602 | |
---|
603 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
604 | proc linearCombinations( ideal Basis, module KER ) |
---|
605 | " |
---|
606 | USAGE: linearCombinations( Basis, C ); Basis ideal, C module |
---|
607 | PURPOSE: forms linear combinations of elements from Basis by replacing gen(i) by Basis[i] in C |
---|
608 | RETURN: ideal generated by computed linear combinations |
---|
609 | SEE ALSO: linearMapKernel; applyAdF |
---|
610 | " |
---|
611 | { |
---|
612 | |
---|
613 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "linearCombinations", Basis, KER ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
614 | |
---|
615 | |
---|
616 | number c; |
---|
617 | |
---|
618 | int x, y; |
---|
619 | |
---|
620 | vector w; |
---|
621 | |
---|
622 | poly p; |
---|
623 | |
---|
624 | ideal result = 0; |
---|
625 | |
---|
626 | // Kernel' basis translation |
---|
627 | for ( x = 1; x <= ncols(KER); x++ ) |
---|
628 | { |
---|
629 | p = 0; |
---|
630 | w = KER[x]; |
---|
631 | |
---|
632 | for ( y = 1; y <= nrows(w); y++ ) |
---|
633 | { |
---|
634 | c = leadcoef( w[y] ); |
---|
635 | |
---|
636 | if ( c != 0 ) |
---|
637 | { |
---|
638 | p = p + c * Basis[y]; // linear combination of base vectors { Basis[y] } |
---|
639 | } |
---|
640 | } |
---|
641 | result[ x ] = p; |
---|
642 | } |
---|
643 | |
---|
644 | |
---|
645 | // no reduction in quotient algebras is needed. No multiplications were done! |
---|
646 | |
---|
647 | |
---|
648 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "linearCombinations", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
649 | |
---|
650 | return( result ); |
---|
651 | } |
---|
652 | example |
---|
653 | { |
---|
654 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
655 | ring A = 0,(e,f,h),dp; |
---|
656 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
657 | D[1,2]=-h; D[1,3]=2*e; D[2,3]=-2*f; |
---|
658 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
---|
659 | |
---|
660 | // Let us consider the linear map Ad_{e} from A_2 into A. |
---|
661 | |
---|
662 | // Compute the PBW basis of A_2: |
---|
663 | ideal Basis = PBW_maxDeg( 2 ); Basis; |
---|
664 | |
---|
665 | // Compute images of basis elements under the linear map Ad_e: |
---|
666 | ideal Image = applyAdF( Basis, e ); Image; |
---|
667 | |
---|
668 | // Now we have a linear map given by: Basis_i --> Image_i |
---|
669 | // Let's compute its kernel K: |
---|
670 | |
---|
671 | // 1. compute syzygy module C: |
---|
672 | module C = linearMapKernel( Image ); C; |
---|
673 | |
---|
674 | // 2. compute corresponding combinations of basis vectors: |
---|
675 | ideal K = linearCombinations(Basis, C); K; |
---|
676 | |
---|
677 | // Let's check that Ad_e(K) is zero: |
---|
678 | applyAdF( K, e ); |
---|
679 | } |
---|
680 | |
---|
681 | |
---|
682 | |
---|
683 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
684 | static proc LINEAR_MAP_KERNEL(ideal Basis, ideal Images ) // Ker of the linear map given by its values on basis vectors |
---|
685 | " |
---|
686 | PURPOSE: Computation of the kernel basis of the linear map given by the list @given |
---|
687 | " |
---|
688 | { |
---|
689 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "LINEAR_MAP_KERNEL", Basis, Images ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
690 | |
---|
691 | ideal result = 0; |
---|
692 | |
---|
693 | if ( size( Basis ) == 0 ) |
---|
694 | { |
---|
695 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "LINEAR_MAP_KERNEL", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
696 | return( result ); |
---|
697 | } |
---|
698 | |
---|
699 | // compute fundamental solutions system |
---|
700 | def T = linearMapKernel( Images ); |
---|
701 | |
---|
702 | |
---|
703 | // check result of linearMapKernel |
---|
704 | if( (typeof(T) == "int") and (T == 0) ) |
---|
705 | { |
---|
706 | // All zeroes! Return Basis: |
---|
707 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "LINEAR_MAP_KERNEL", Basis ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
708 | return( Basis ); |
---|
709 | } |
---|
710 | else |
---|
711 | { |
---|
712 | if( typeof(T) != "module" ) |
---|
713 | { |
---|
714 | ERROR( "Wrong output from the 'linearMapKernel' function!" ); |
---|
715 | } |
---|
716 | } |
---|
717 | |
---|
718 | result = linearCombinations( Basis, T ); |
---|
719 | |
---|
720 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "LINEAR_MAP_KERNEL", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
721 | return( result ); |
---|
722 | } |
---|
723 | |
---|
724 | |
---|
725 | |
---|
726 | |
---|
727 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
728 | static proc ZeroKer( ideal Basis, ideal Images ) // VS Basis of a Kernel of the linear map AD_h, h is a Cartan element |
---|
729 | " |
---|
730 | PURPOSE: Computes VS Basis of a Kernel of the linear map AD_h, when h is a Cartan element |
---|
731 | NOTE: the result is a set of all basis vectors having a zero image |
---|
732 | " |
---|
733 | { |
---|
734 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "ZeroKer", Basis, Images ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
735 | |
---|
736 | ideal result = 0; |
---|
737 | |
---|
738 | for( int i = 1; i <= ncols( Basis ); i++ ) |
---|
739 | { |
---|
740 | if( size( Images[i] ) == 0 ) // zero image? |
---|
741 | { |
---|
742 | result[ 1 + size(result) ] = Basis[i]; // take this basis vector! |
---|
743 | } |
---|
744 | } |
---|
745 | |
---|
746 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "ZeroKer", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
747 | return( result ); |
---|
748 | } |
---|
749 | |
---|
750 | |
---|
751 | |
---|
752 | |
---|
753 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
754 | // ::Variables:: Computes a set of variables |
---|
755 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
756 | |
---|
757 | |
---|
758 | |
---|
759 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
760 | // Returns an ideal of variables in a current base ring. |
---|
761 | proc variablesStandard() |
---|
762 | " |
---|
763 | USAGE: variablesStandard(); |
---|
764 | RETURN: ideal, generated by algebra variables |
---|
765 | PURPOSE: computes the set of algebra variables taken in their natural order |
---|
766 | SEE ALSO: variablesSorted |
---|
767 | EXAMPLE: example variablesStandard; shows an example |
---|
768 | " |
---|
769 | { |
---|
770 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "variablesStandard" ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
771 | |
---|
772 | ideal result = maxideal(1); |
---|
773 | |
---|
774 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "variablesStandard", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
775 | return( result ); |
---|
776 | } |
---|
777 | example |
---|
778 | { |
---|
779 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
780 | ring A = 0,(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
781 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
782 | D[1,2]=-z; D[1,3]=2*x; D[2,3]=-2*y; |
---|
783 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
---|
784 | // Variables in their natural order: |
---|
785 | variablesStandard(); |
---|
786 | } |
---|
787 | |
---|
788 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
789 | // Sorts variables into an ideal. This is a kind of heuristics! |
---|
790 | proc variablesSorted() |
---|
791 | " |
---|
792 | USAGE: variablesSorted(); |
---|
793 | RETURN: ideal, generated by sorted algebra variables |
---|
794 | PURPOSE: computes the set of algebra variables sorted so that |
---|
795 | @* Cartan variables go first |
---|
796 | NOTE: This is a heuristics for the computation of the center: |
---|
797 | @* it is better to compute centralizers of Cartan variables first since in this |
---|
798 | @* case we can omit solving the system of equations. |
---|
799 | SEE ALSO: variablesStandard |
---|
800 | EXAMPLE: example variablesSorted; shows an example |
---|
801 | "{ |
---|
802 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "variablesSorted" ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
803 | |
---|
804 | ideal V = variablesStandard(); |
---|
805 | int N = size( V ); // == nvars( basering ) |
---|
806 | |
---|
807 | ideal result = 0; |
---|
808 | |
---|
809 | int r_begin = 1; |
---|
810 | int r_end = N; |
---|
811 | |
---|
812 | poly v; |
---|
813 | |
---|
814 | for( int k = 1; k <= N; k++ ) |
---|
815 | { |
---|
816 | v = V[k]; |
---|
817 | |
---|
818 | if( isCartan(v) == 1 ) // Cartan elements go 1st |
---|
819 | { |
---|
820 | result[r_begin] = v; |
---|
821 | r_begin++; |
---|
822 | } else // Other - in the end... |
---|
823 | { |
---|
824 | result[r_end] = v; |
---|
825 | r_end--; |
---|
826 | } |
---|
827 | } |
---|
828 | |
---|
829 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "variablesSorted", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
830 | return( result ); |
---|
831 | } |
---|
832 | example |
---|
833 | { |
---|
834 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
835 | ring A = 0,(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
836 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
837 | D[1,2]=-z; D[1,3]=2*x; D[2,3]=-2*y; |
---|
838 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
---|
839 | // There is only one Cartan variable - z in U(sl_2), |
---|
840 | // it must go 1st: |
---|
841 | variablesSorted(); |
---|
842 | } |
---|
843 | |
---|
844 | |
---|
845 | |
---|
846 | |
---|
847 | |
---|
848 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
849 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
850 | // ::BasicCentralizerComputation:: Basic functions for centralize' computation. |
---|
851 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
852 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
853 | |
---|
854 | |
---|
855 | |
---|
856 | |
---|
857 | |
---|
858 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
859 | // HL 'core' function |
---|
860 | proc centralizeSet( ideal F, ideal V ) |
---|
861 | " |
---|
862 | USAGE: centralizeSet( F, V ); F, V ideals |
---|
863 | INPUT: F, V finite sets of elements of the base algebra |
---|
864 | RETURN: ideal, generated by computed elements |
---|
865 | PURPOSE: computes a vector space basis of the centralizer of the set F in the vector space generated by V over the ground field |
---|
866 | SEE ALSO: centralizerVS; centralizer; inCentralizer |
---|
867 | EXAMPLE: example centralizeSet; shows an example |
---|
868 | " |
---|
869 | { |
---|
870 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "centralizeSet", F, V ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
871 | |
---|
872 | int N = size(F); |
---|
873 | |
---|
874 | if( N == 0) |
---|
875 | { |
---|
876 | ERROR( "F MUST be non empty!!!" ); |
---|
877 | } |
---|
878 | |
---|
879 | DBPrint(1, "BasisSize: " + string(size(V)) ); |
---|
880 | |
---|
881 | ideal Images; |
---|
882 | |
---|
883 | for( int v = 1; (v <= N) and (size(V) > 0); v++ ) |
---|
884 | { |
---|
885 | DBPrint(1, "Centralizing " + string(F[v]) ); |
---|
886 | |
---|
887 | Images = applyAdF( V, F[v] ); |
---|
888 | |
---|
889 | if( (isCartan(F[v]) == 1) or (size(V) == 1) ) |
---|
890 | { |
---|
891 | V = ZeroKer( V, Images ); |
---|
892 | } else |
---|
893 | { |
---|
894 | V = LINEAR_MAP_KERNEL( V, Images ); |
---|
895 | } |
---|
896 | |
---|
897 | // Printing... |
---|
898 | DBPrint(1, "Progress: [ " + string(v) + " / " + string(N) + " ]"+ |
---|
899 | " => BasisSize: " + string(size(V)) ); |
---|
900 | } |
---|
901 | |
---|
902 | V = makeNice(V); |
---|
903 | |
---|
904 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "centralizeSet", V ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
905 | |
---|
906 | return( V ); |
---|
907 | } |
---|
908 | example |
---|
909 | { |
---|
910 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
911 | ring A_4_1 = 0,(e(1..4)),dp; |
---|
912 | matrix D[4][4]=0; |
---|
913 | D[2,4] = -e(1); |
---|
914 | D[3,4] = -e(2); |
---|
915 | // This is A_4_1 - the first real Lie algebra of dimension 4. |
---|
916 | ncalgebra(1,D); |
---|
917 | |
---|
918 | ideal F = variablesSorted(); F; |
---|
919 | |
---|
920 | // the center of A_4_1 is generated by |
---|
921 | // e(1) and -1/2*e(2)^2+e(1)*e(3) |
---|
922 | // therefore one may consider computing it in the following way: |
---|
923 | |
---|
924 | // 1. Compute a PBW basis consisting of |
---|
925 | // monomials with exponent <= (1,2,1,0) |
---|
926 | ideal V = PBW_maxMonom( e(1) * e(2)^ 2 * e(3) ); |
---|
927 | |
---|
928 | // 2. Compute the centralizer of F within the vector space |
---|
929 | // spanned by these monomials: |
---|
930 | ideal C = centralizeSet( F, V ); C; |
---|
931 | |
---|
932 | inCenter(C); // check the result |
---|
933 | } |
---|
934 | |
---|
935 | |
---|
936 | |
---|
937 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
938 | proc centralizerVS( ideal F, int d ) |
---|
939 | " |
---|
940 | USAGE: centralizerVS( F, D ); F ideal, D int |
---|
941 | RETURN: ideal, generated by computed elements |
---|
942 | PURPOSE: computes a vector space basis of centralizer(F) up to degree D |
---|
943 | NOTE: D must be non-negative |
---|
944 | SEE ALSO: centerVS; centralizer; inCentralizer |
---|
945 | EXAMPLE: example centralizerVS; shows an example |
---|
946 | " |
---|
947 | { |
---|
948 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "centralizerVS", F, d ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
949 | |
---|
950 | if( size(F) == 0) |
---|
951 | { |
---|
952 | ERROR( "F MUST be non-empty!!!" ); |
---|
953 | } |
---|
954 | |
---|
955 | ideal V = centralizeSet( F, PBW_maxDeg( d ) ); // basis of the Centralizer of S in PBW basis |
---|
956 | |
---|
957 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "centralizerVS", V ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
958 | |
---|
959 | return( V ); |
---|
960 | } |
---|
961 | example |
---|
962 | { |
---|
963 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
964 | ring A = 0,(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
965 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
966 | D[1,2]=-z; D[1,3]=2*x; D[2,3]=-2*y; |
---|
967 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
---|
968 | ideal F = x, y; |
---|
969 | // find generators of the vector space of elements |
---|
970 | // of degree <= 4 commuting with x and y: |
---|
971 | ideal C = centralizerVS(F, 4); |
---|
972 | C; |
---|
973 | inCentralizer(C, F); // check the result |
---|
974 | } |
---|
975 | |
---|
976 | |
---|
977 | |
---|
978 | |
---|
979 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
980 | // ::CenterAliases:: Basic functions/aliases for center' computation. |
---|
981 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
982 | |
---|
983 | |
---|
984 | |
---|
985 | |
---|
986 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
987 | proc centerVS( int D ) |
---|
988 | " |
---|
989 | USAGE: centerVS( D ); D int |
---|
990 | RETURN: ideal, generated by computed elements |
---|
991 | PURPOSE: computes a vector space basis of the center up to degree D |
---|
992 | NOTE: D must be non-negative |
---|
993 | SEE ALSO: centralizerVS; center; inCenter |
---|
994 | EXAMPLE: example centerVS; shows an example |
---|
995 | " |
---|
996 | { |
---|
997 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "centerVS", D ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
998 | |
---|
999 | |
---|
1000 | if( nameof( basering ) == "basering" ) |
---|
1001 | { |
---|
1002 | // ERROR( "No current ring!" ); |
---|
1003 | } |
---|
1004 | |
---|
1005 | if( D < 0 ) |
---|
1006 | { |
---|
1007 | ERROR( "Degree D must be non-negative!" ); |
---|
1008 | } |
---|
1009 | |
---|
1010 | ideal result = centralizerVS( variablesSorted(), D ); |
---|
1011 | |
---|
1012 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "centerVS", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1013 | |
---|
1014 | return( result ); |
---|
1015 | } |
---|
1016 | example |
---|
1017 | { |
---|
1018 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1019 | ring A = 0,(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
1020 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
1021 | D[1,2]=-z; D[1,3]=2*x; D[2,3]=-2*y; |
---|
1022 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
---|
1023 | // find a basis of the vector space of all |
---|
1024 | // central elements of degree <= 4: |
---|
1025 | ideal Z = centerVS(4); |
---|
1026 | Z; |
---|
1027 | // note that the second element is the square of the first |
---|
1028 | // plus a multiple of the first: |
---|
1029 | Z[2] - Z[1]^2 + 8*Z[1]; |
---|
1030 | inCenter(Z); // check the result |
---|
1031 | } |
---|
1032 | |
---|
1033 | |
---|
1034 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1035 | proc centralizerRed( ideal F, int D, list # ) |
---|
1036 | " |
---|
1037 | USAGE: centralizerRed( F, D[, N] ); F ideal, D int, N optional int |
---|
1038 | RETURN: ideal, generated by computed elements |
---|
1039 | PURPOSE: computes subalgebra generators of centralizer(F) up to degree D. |
---|
1040 | NOTE: In general, one cannot compute the whole centralizer(F). |
---|
1041 | @* Hence, one has to specify a termination condition via arguments D and/or N. |
---|
1042 | @* If D is positive, only centralizing elements up to degree D are computed. |
---|
1043 | @* If D is negative, the termination is determined by N only. |
---|
1044 | @* If N is given, the computation stops if at least N elements have been found. |
---|
1045 | @* Warning: if N is given and bigger than the actual number of generators, |
---|
1046 | @* the procedure may not terminate. |
---|
1047 | @* Current ordering must be a degree compatible well-ordering. |
---|
1048 | SEE ALSO: centralizerVS; centerRed; centralizer; inCentralizer |
---|
1049 | EXAMPLE: example centralizerRed; shows an example |
---|
1050 | " |
---|
1051 | { |
---|
1052 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "centralizerRed", F, D, # ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1053 | |
---|
1054 | if( nameof( basering ) == "basering" ) |
---|
1055 | { |
---|
1056 | // ERROR( "No current ring!" ); |
---|
1057 | } |
---|
1058 | |
---|
1059 | if( size(F) == 0) |
---|
1060 | { |
---|
1061 | ERROR( "F MUST be non-empty!!!" ); |
---|
1062 | } |
---|
1063 | |
---|
1064 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1065 | |
---|
1066 | int i, j, l, d; |
---|
1067 | |
---|
1068 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1069 | |
---|
1070 | int k = DefaultInt(#); |
---|
1071 | |
---|
1072 | int m = (k > 0); |
---|
1073 | |
---|
1074 | int @MinDeg = 6; // starting guess for Maximal Bounding Degree, 6 |
---|
1075 | int @Delta = 4; // increment of it, 4 |
---|
1076 | |
---|
1077 | if( m and (D <= 0) ) |
---|
1078 | { |
---|
1079 | // minimal guess |
---|
1080 | D = @MinDeg; |
---|
1081 | } |
---|
1082 | |
---|
1083 | if( !m and D < 0) |
---|
1084 | { |
---|
1085 | ERROR("Wrong bounding condition!"); |
---|
1086 | } |
---|
1087 | |
---|
1088 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1089 | |
---|
1090 | def NCRING = basering; // Non-commutative ring |
---|
1091 | list L = ringlist( NCRING ); |
---|
1092 | def L1, L2, L3, L4 = L[1..4]; // General components |
---|
1093 | |
---|
1094 | def COMMRING = ring( list( L1, L2, L3, L4 ) ); // Underlying commutative ring |
---|
1095 | |
---|
1096 | |
---|
1097 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1098 | |
---|
1099 | // we keep the list of found leading monomials in the commutative ring! |
---|
1100 | setring COMMRING; |
---|
1101 | |
---|
1102 | // Init |
---|
1103 | list FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS = list(); |
---|
1104 | |
---|
1105 | for( i = 1; i <= D; i++ ) |
---|
1106 | { |
---|
1107 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[i] = ideal(); |
---|
1108 | } |
---|
1109 | |
---|
1110 | ideal FLM, NEW, T; // in COMMRING |
---|
1111 | |
---|
1112 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1113 | |
---|
1114 | setring NCRING; |
---|
1115 | |
---|
1116 | ideal result, FLM, PBW, NEW, T, P; // in NCRING |
---|
1117 | |
---|
1118 | // Main loop: |
---|
1119 | i = 1; |
---|
1120 | |
---|
1121 | while( i <= D ) |
---|
1122 | { |
---|
1123 | DBPrint( 1, "Current degree is " + string(i) ); |
---|
1124 | |
---|
1125 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1126 | |
---|
1127 | // Compute current "reduced" PBW basis... |
---|
1128 | |
---|
1129 | // Prepare current found leading monomials |
---|
1130 | setring COMMRING; |
---|
1131 | FLM = FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[i]; |
---|
1132 | |
---|
1133 | // And back to NCRing |
---|
1134 | setring NCRING; |
---|
1135 | |
---|
1136 | FLM = imap(COMMRING, FLM); // We cannot write imap(COMMRING, FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[i]) :((( |
---|
1137 | |
---|
1138 | attrib(FLM, "isSB", 1); // just to avoid "no standard basis" warning. |
---|
1139 | |
---|
1140 | // degrees should not change, |
---|
1141 | // no monomials should be multiplied here |
---|
1142 | T = reduce( PBW_eqDeg( i ), FLM, 1 ); |
---|
1143 | |
---|
1144 | // we simply kill in T monomials occurring in FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[i] |
---|
1145 | P = PBW + T; // + simplifies |
---|
1146 | |
---|
1147 | // Compute current centralizer |
---|
1148 | NEW = centralizeSet( F, P ); |
---|
1149 | |
---|
1150 | if( size(NEW) > 0 ) |
---|
1151 | { |
---|
1152 | // In order to speedup multiplications we are going into a commutative ring: |
---|
1153 | setring COMMRING; |
---|
1154 | |
---|
1155 | // we can perform commutative interreduction |
---|
1156 | // since no monomials should be multiplied! |
---|
1157 | // degrees should not change |
---|
1158 | NEW = interred( imap( NCRING, NEW ) ); |
---|
1159 | |
---|
1160 | // Go back! |
---|
1161 | setring NCRING; |
---|
1162 | |
---|
1163 | NEW = imap( COMMRING, NEW ); |
---|
1164 | |
---|
1165 | DBPrint( 1, "Found: ", NEW ); |
---|
1166 | |
---|
1167 | // Add them to result... |
---|
1168 | result = result + NEW; |
---|
1169 | } |
---|
1170 | |
---|
1171 | // Did we find needed number of generators? Or reached the bound? |
---|
1172 | if( (m and (size(result) >= k)) or (!m and (i == D)) ) |
---|
1173 | { |
---|
1174 | break; // Get out of here!!! |
---|
1175 | } |
---|
1176 | |
---|
1177 | // otherwise we must update FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS |
---|
1178 | if( size(NEW) > 0 ) |
---|
1179 | { |
---|
1180 | setring COMMRING; |
---|
1181 | |
---|
1182 | FLM = 0; |
---|
1183 | |
---|
1184 | // We must update FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS!!! |
---|
1185 | for( j = 1; j <= size(NEW); j++ ) |
---|
1186 | { |
---|
1187 | FLM[j] = leadmonom( NEW[j] ); // we are interested in leading monomials only! |
---|
1188 | } |
---|
1189 | |
---|
1190 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[i] = FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[i] + FLM; |
---|
1191 | |
---|
1192 | for( j = 1; j <= D; j = j + i ) // For every degree (j*i) of LNEW, do: |
---|
1193 | { |
---|
1194 | for( l = j; (l+i) <= D; l++ ) |
---|
1195 | { |
---|
1196 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l+i] = |
---|
1197 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l+i] + FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l] * FLM; |
---|
1198 | } |
---|
1199 | } |
---|
1200 | |
---|
1201 | // Return to NCRING |
---|
1202 | setring NCRING; |
---|
1203 | |
---|
1204 | FLM = imap(COMMRING, FLM); |
---|
1205 | attrib(FLM, "isSB", 1);// just to avoid "no standard basis" warning. |
---|
1206 | |
---|
1207 | // we simply kill in T monomials occurring in FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[i] |
---|
1208 | T = reduce( T, FLM, 1 ); |
---|
1209 | |
---|
1210 | PBW = PBW + T; |
---|
1211 | } else |
---|
1212 | { |
---|
1213 | PBW = P; |
---|
1214 | } |
---|
1215 | |
---|
1216 | |
---|
1217 | if( m and (i == D) ) // Was the previous estimation too small??? |
---|
1218 | { |
---|
1219 | // We must update FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS in their Commutative world: |
---|
1220 | setring COMMRING; |
---|
1221 | |
---|
1222 | // Init new grades: |
---|
1223 | for( j = D + 1; j <= (D + @Delta); j++ ) |
---|
1224 | { |
---|
1225 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[j] = ideal(); |
---|
1226 | } |
---|
1227 | |
---|
1228 | FLM = 0; |
---|
1229 | |
---|
1230 | // All previously computed elements in their order! |
---|
1231 | NEW = imap( NCRING, result ); |
---|
1232 | |
---|
1233 | for( j = 1; j <= size(NEW); j++ ) |
---|
1234 | { |
---|
1235 | FLM[j] = leadmonom( NEW[j] ); // we are interested in leading monomials only! |
---|
1236 | } |
---|
1237 | |
---|
1238 | while( size(FLM) > 0 ) |
---|
1239 | { |
---|
1240 | // minimal degree: |
---|
1241 | d = mindegInt(FLM); /// ### /// |
---|
1242 | |
---|
1243 | // take all of minimal degree: |
---|
1244 | T = jet( FLM, d ); |
---|
1245 | |
---|
1246 | // there are size(T) elements of smallest degree (deg(FLM[1])) in FLM! |
---|
1247 | |
---|
1248 | // Add them in the same way: |
---|
1249 | for( j = 1; j <= (D + @Delta); j = j + d ) // For every degree (j*d) of T, do: |
---|
1250 | { |
---|
1251 | for( l = j; (l + d) <= (D + @Delta); l++ ) |
---|
1252 | { |
---|
1253 | if( (l + d) > D ) // Only new should be updated! |
---|
1254 | { |
---|
1255 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l+d] = |
---|
1256 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l+d] + FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l] * T; |
---|
1257 | } |
---|
1258 | } |
---|
1259 | } |
---|
1260 | |
---|
1261 | // Kill them from FLM: |
---|
1262 | if( size(T) < size(FLM) ) |
---|
1263 | { |
---|
1264 | FLM = FLM[ (size(T)+1) .. size(FLM) ]; |
---|
1265 | } else |
---|
1266 | { |
---|
1267 | FLM = 0; // break; |
---|
1268 | } |
---|
1269 | |
---|
1270 | } |
---|
1271 | |
---|
1272 | // Go back... |
---|
1273 | setring NCRING; |
---|
1274 | |
---|
1275 | /* |
---|
1276 | if(toprint()) |
---|
1277 | { |
---|
1278 | typeof(@Delta); @Delta; |
---|
1279 | typeof(D); D; |
---|
1280 | }; |
---|
1281 | */ |
---|
1282 | // And set new Bound |
---|
1283 | D = D + @Delta; |
---|
1284 | } |
---|
1285 | |
---|
1286 | i++; |
---|
1287 | } |
---|
1288 | |
---|
1289 | result = makeNice(result); |
---|
1290 | |
---|
1291 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "centralizerRed", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1292 | |
---|
1293 | return( result ); |
---|
1294 | } |
---|
1295 | example |
---|
1296 | { |
---|
1297 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1298 | ring A = 0,(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
1299 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
1300 | D[1,2]=-z; D[1,3]=2*x; D[2,3]=-2*y; |
---|
1301 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
---|
1302 | ideal F = x, y; |
---|
1303 | // find subalgebra generators of degree <= 4 of the subalgebra of |
---|
1304 | // all elements commuting with x and y: |
---|
1305 | ideal C = centralizerRed(F, 4); |
---|
1306 | C; |
---|
1307 | inCentralizer(C, F); // check the result |
---|
1308 | } |
---|
1309 | |
---|
1310 | |
---|
1311 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1312 | proc centerRed( int D, list # ) |
---|
1313 | " |
---|
1314 | USAGE: centerRed( D[, N] ); D int, N optional int |
---|
1315 | RETURN: ideal, generated by computed elements |
---|
1316 | PURPOSE: computes subalgebra generators of the center up to degree D |
---|
1317 | NOTE: In general, one cannot compute the whole center. |
---|
1318 | @* Hence, one has to specify a termination condition via arguments D and/or N. |
---|
1319 | @* If D is positive, only central elements up to degree D will be found. |
---|
1320 | @* If D is negative, the termination is determined by N only. |
---|
1321 | @* If N is given, the computation stops if at least N elements have been found. |
---|
1322 | @* Warning: if N is given and bigger than the actual number of generators, |
---|
1323 | @* the procedure may not terminate. |
---|
1324 | @* Current ordering must be a degree compatible well-ordering. |
---|
1325 | SEE ALSO: centralizerRed; centerVS; center; inCenter |
---|
1326 | EXAMPLE: example centerRed; shows an example |
---|
1327 | " |
---|
1328 | { |
---|
1329 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "centerRed", D, # ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1330 | |
---|
1331 | if( nameof( basering ) == "basering" ) |
---|
1332 | { |
---|
1333 | // ERROR( "No current ring!" ); |
---|
1334 | } |
---|
1335 | |
---|
1336 | ideal result = centralizerRed( variablesSorted(), D, # ); |
---|
1337 | |
---|
1338 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "centerRed", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1339 | |
---|
1340 | return( result ); |
---|
1341 | } |
---|
1342 | example |
---|
1343 | { |
---|
1344 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1345 | ring A = 0,(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
1346 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
1347 | D[1,2]=z; |
---|
1348 | ncalgebra(1,D); // it is a Heisenberg algebra |
---|
1349 | // find a basis of the vector space of |
---|
1350 | // central elements of degree <= 3: |
---|
1351 | ideal VSZ = centerVS(3); |
---|
1352 | // There should be 3 degrees of z. |
---|
1353 | VSZ; |
---|
1354 | inCenter(VSZ); // check the result |
---|
1355 | // find "minimal" central elements of degree <= 3 |
---|
1356 | ideal SAZ = centerRed(3); |
---|
1357 | // Only 'z' must be computed |
---|
1358 | SAZ; |
---|
1359 | inCenter(SAZ); // check the result |
---|
1360 | } |
---|
1361 | |
---|
1362 | |
---|
1363 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1364 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1365 | // ::SubAlgebraReduction:: A kind of subalgebra reduction... |
---|
1366 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1367 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1368 | |
---|
1369 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1370 | static proc INTERRED( ideal S ) |
---|
1371 | " |
---|
1372 | USAGE: INTERRED( S ); S ideal |
---|
1373 | RETURN: ideal, interreduced S |
---|
1374 | PURPOSE: interreduction without monomial multiplication, |
---|
1375 | just make every leading monomial occur in a single polynomial |
---|
1376 | " |
---|
1377 | { |
---|
1378 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "INTERRED", S ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1379 | |
---|
1380 | ideal result = S; |
---|
1381 | |
---|
1382 | int flag = 1; |
---|
1383 | |
---|
1384 | int i, j, N; |
---|
1385 | |
---|
1386 | poly p, lm; |
---|
1387 | |
---|
1388 | while( flag == 1 ) |
---|
1389 | { |
---|
1390 | flag = 0; |
---|
1391 | |
---|
1392 | result = sort( simplify( result, 1 + 2 + 8) )[1]; |
---|
1393 | // sorting w.r.t. actual monomial ordering |
---|
1394 | // generators with SMALLER(!) leading term come FIRST |
---|
1395 | |
---|
1396 | N = size(result); |
---|
1397 | |
---|
1398 | // kill leading monomials: |
---|
1399 | |
---|
1400 | i = 1; |
---|
1401 | while( i < N ) |
---|
1402 | { |
---|
1403 | p = result[i]; |
---|
1404 | lm = leadmonom(p); |
---|
1405 | |
---|
1406 | j = i + 1; |
---|
1407 | while( leadmonom(result[j]) == lm ) |
---|
1408 | { |
---|
1409 | result[j] = result[j] - p; // leadcoefs are 1 because of simplify. |
---|
1410 | flag = 1; // we have changed something => we do still need to care about it... |
---|
1411 | j++; |
---|
1412 | |
---|
1413 | if( j > N ) |
---|
1414 | { |
---|
1415 | break; |
---|
1416 | } |
---|
1417 | } |
---|
1418 | |
---|
1419 | i = j; |
---|
1420 | } |
---|
1421 | } |
---|
1422 | |
---|
1423 | // We are done! No common leading monomials! |
---|
1424 | // The result is sorted |
---|
1425 | |
---|
1426 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "INTERRED", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1427 | |
---|
1428 | return( result ); |
---|
1429 | } |
---|
1430 | |
---|
1431 | |
---|
1432 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1433 | static proc SANF( poly p, list FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS ) |
---|
1434 | " |
---|
1435 | reduce p wrt found multiples without ANY polynomial multiplications! |
---|
1436 | " |
---|
1437 | { |
---|
1438 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "SANF", p, FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1439 | |
---|
1440 | poly q = p; |
---|
1441 | poly head = 0; |
---|
1442 | |
---|
1443 | int d; int N = size(FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS); |
---|
1444 | |
---|
1445 | while( size(q) > 0 ) |
---|
1446 | { |
---|
1447 | d = maxdegInt(p); /// ### /// |
---|
1448 | |
---|
1449 | if( (0 < d) and (d <= N) ) |
---|
1450 | { |
---|
1451 | if( size(FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[d]) > 0 ) |
---|
1452 | { |
---|
1453 | attrib( FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[d], "isSB", 1); |
---|
1454 | q = reduce( p, FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[d] ); |
---|
1455 | } |
---|
1456 | |
---|
1457 | DBPrint(1, string(p) + " --> " + string(q) ); |
---|
1458 | } |
---|
1459 | |
---|
1460 | if( q == p ) |
---|
1461 | { |
---|
1462 | p = lead(q); |
---|
1463 | |
---|
1464 | if( d > 0 ) |
---|
1465 | { |
---|
1466 | // No scalars! |
---|
1467 | head = head + p; |
---|
1468 | } |
---|
1469 | |
---|
1470 | q = q - p; |
---|
1471 | } |
---|
1472 | |
---|
1473 | p = q; |
---|
1474 | } |
---|
1475 | |
---|
1476 | |
---|
1477 | |
---|
1478 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "SANF", head ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1479 | |
---|
1480 | return( head ); |
---|
1481 | } |
---|
1482 | |
---|
1483 | |
---|
1484 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1485 | static proc maxdegInt( ideal I ) |
---|
1486 | { |
---|
1487 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "maxdegInt", I ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1488 | |
---|
1489 | intmat D = maxdeg(I); |
---|
1490 | |
---|
1491 | int max = D[1, 1]; int m; |
---|
1492 | |
---|
1493 | for( int c = 2; c <= ncols(D); c++ ) |
---|
1494 | { |
---|
1495 | m = D[1, c]; |
---|
1496 | |
---|
1497 | if( m > max ) |
---|
1498 | { |
---|
1499 | max = m; |
---|
1500 | } |
---|
1501 | } |
---|
1502 | |
---|
1503 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "maxdegInt", max ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1504 | |
---|
1505 | return( max ); |
---|
1506 | } |
---|
1507 | |
---|
1508 | |
---|
1509 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1510 | static proc mindegInt( ideal I ) |
---|
1511 | { |
---|
1512 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "mindegInt", I ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1513 | |
---|
1514 | intmat D = mindeg(I); |
---|
1515 | |
---|
1516 | int min = D[1, 1]; int m; |
---|
1517 | |
---|
1518 | for( int c = 2; c <= ncols(D); c++ ) |
---|
1519 | { |
---|
1520 | m = D[1, c]; |
---|
1521 | |
---|
1522 | if( m < min ) |
---|
1523 | { |
---|
1524 | min = m; |
---|
1525 | } |
---|
1526 | } |
---|
1527 | |
---|
1528 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "mindegInt", min ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1529 | |
---|
1530 | return( min ); |
---|
1531 | } |
---|
1532 | |
---|
1533 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1534 | // 'subalgebra basis' computation |
---|
1535 | proc sa_reduce( ideal V ) |
---|
1536 | " |
---|
1537 | USAGE: sa_reduce(V); V ideal |
---|
1538 | RETURN: ideal, generated by computed elements |
---|
1539 | PURPOSE: compute a subalgebra basis of an algebra generated by the elements of V |
---|
1540 | NOTE: At the moment the usage of this procedure is limited to G-algebras |
---|
1541 | SEE ALSO: sa_poly_reduce |
---|
1542 | EXAMPLE: example sa_reduce; shows an example |
---|
1543 | " |
---|
1544 | { |
---|
1545 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "sa_reduce", V ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1546 | |
---|
1547 | ideal result = ideal(); |
---|
1548 | |
---|
1549 | ideal FLM = INTERRED( V ); // The output is sorted "[1]<[2]<[3]<..." |
---|
1550 | |
---|
1551 | // We are bounded by maximal degree!!! |
---|
1552 | int D = maxdegInt( FLM ); |
---|
1553 | |
---|
1554 | // Init |
---|
1555 | list FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS = list(); |
---|
1556 | |
---|
1557 | int i; |
---|
1558 | |
---|
1559 | for( i = 1; i <= D; i++ ) |
---|
1560 | { |
---|
1561 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[i] = ideal(); |
---|
1562 | } |
---|
1563 | |
---|
1564 | int d, j, l; |
---|
1565 | |
---|
1566 | poly p, q; ideal T; |
---|
1567 | |
---|
1568 | |
---|
1569 | int c = 1; // polynomials in FLM commute pairwise |
---|
1570 | |
---|
1571 | for( j = 1; (j < size(FLM)) and (c == 1); j++ ) |
---|
1572 | { |
---|
1573 | p = FLM[j]; |
---|
1574 | |
---|
1575 | for( l = j+1; (l <= size(FLM)) and (c == 1); l++ ) |
---|
1576 | { |
---|
1577 | q = FLM[l]; |
---|
1578 | |
---|
1579 | if( NF(p*q - q*p, twostd(0)) != 0 ) |
---|
1580 | { |
---|
1581 | c = 0; // There exists non-commuting pair |
---|
1582 | } |
---|
1583 | } |
---|
1584 | } |
---|
1585 | |
---|
1586 | while( size(FLM) > 0 ) |
---|
1587 | { |
---|
1588 | // FLM; |
---|
1589 | |
---|
1590 | // Take the 1st element of FLM... |
---|
1591 | p = FLM[1]; // SANF( FLM[1], FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS ); |
---|
1592 | |
---|
1593 | FLM[1] = 0; // ...and kill it from FLM |
---|
1594 | |
---|
1595 | d = maxdegInt( p ); |
---|
1596 | T = ideal(p); |
---|
1597 | |
---|
1598 | // d; size(FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS); |
---|
1599 | |
---|
1600 | if( d > 0 ) |
---|
1601 | { |
---|
1602 | |
---|
1603 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[d] = FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[d] + T; |
---|
1604 | |
---|
1605 | for( j = 1; j <= D; j = j + d ) // For every degree (j*d) of T, do: |
---|
1606 | { |
---|
1607 | for( l = j; (l + d) <= D; l++ ) |
---|
1608 | { |
---|
1609 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l+d] = |
---|
1610 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l+d] + FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l] * T; |
---|
1611 | |
---|
1612 | if( c != 1 ) |
---|
1613 | { |
---|
1614 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l+d] = |
---|
1615 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l+d] + T * FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l]; |
---|
1616 | } |
---|
1617 | } |
---|
1618 | } |
---|
1619 | } |
---|
1620 | |
---|
1621 | if( size(FLM) > 0 ) |
---|
1622 | { |
---|
1623 | for( i = 2; i <= ncols(FLM); i++ ) |
---|
1624 | { |
---|
1625 | FLM[i] = SANF( FLM[i], FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS ); |
---|
1626 | } |
---|
1627 | FLM = INTERRED( FLM ); |
---|
1628 | } |
---|
1629 | |
---|
1630 | if( size(T) > 0 ) |
---|
1631 | { |
---|
1632 | DBPrint(1, "Found: " + string(T) ); |
---|
1633 | result = result + T; |
---|
1634 | } |
---|
1635 | |
---|
1636 | } |
---|
1637 | |
---|
1638 | result = makeNice(result); |
---|
1639 | |
---|
1640 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "sa_reduce", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1641 | |
---|
1642 | return( result ); |
---|
1643 | } |
---|
1644 | example |
---|
1645 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1646 | ring A = 0,(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
1647 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
1648 | D[1,2]=-z; D[1,3]=2*x; D[2,3]=-2*y; |
---|
1649 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
---|
1650 | poly f = 4*x*y+z^2-2*z; // a central polynomial |
---|
1651 | ideal I = f, f*f, f*f*f - 10*f*f, f+3*z^3; I; |
---|
1652 | sa_reduce(I); // should be just f and z^3 |
---|
1653 | } |
---|
1654 | |
---|
1655 | |
---|
1656 | |
---|
1657 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1658 | // subalgebra reduction of a polynomial |
---|
1659 | proc sa_poly_reduce( poly p, ideal V ) |
---|
1660 | " |
---|
1661 | USAGE: sa_poly_reduce(p, V); p poly, V ideal |
---|
1662 | RETURN: polynomial, a reduction of p wrt V |
---|
1663 | PURPOSE: computes a reduction of the polynomial p wrt the subalgebra generated by elements of V |
---|
1664 | NOTE: At the moment the usage of this procedure is limited to G-algebras |
---|
1665 | SEE ALSO: sa_reduce |
---|
1666 | EXAMPLE: example sa_poly_reduce; shows an example |
---|
1667 | " |
---|
1668 | { |
---|
1669 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "sa_poly_reduce", p, V ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1670 | // As previous... |
---|
1671 | |
---|
1672 | ideal FLM = INTERRED( V ); // The output is sorted "[1]<[2]<[3]<..." |
---|
1673 | |
---|
1674 | // We are bounded by maximal degree!!! |
---|
1675 | int D = maxdegInt( FLM + ideal(p) ); |
---|
1676 | |
---|
1677 | // Init |
---|
1678 | list FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS = list(); |
---|
1679 | |
---|
1680 | int i; |
---|
1681 | |
---|
1682 | for( i = 1; i <= D; i++ ) |
---|
1683 | { |
---|
1684 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[i] = ideal(); |
---|
1685 | } |
---|
1686 | |
---|
1687 | int d, j, l; |
---|
1688 | |
---|
1689 | poly f, q; ideal T; |
---|
1690 | |
---|
1691 | |
---|
1692 | int c = 1; // polynomials in FLM commute pairwise |
---|
1693 | |
---|
1694 | for( j = 1; (j < size(FLM)) and (c == 1); j++ ) |
---|
1695 | { |
---|
1696 | f = FLM[j]; |
---|
1697 | |
---|
1698 | for( l = j+1; (l <= size(FLM)) and (c == 1); l++ ) |
---|
1699 | { |
---|
1700 | q = FLM[l]; |
---|
1701 | |
---|
1702 | if( NF(f*q - q*f, twostd(0)) != 0 ) |
---|
1703 | { |
---|
1704 | c = 0; |
---|
1705 | } |
---|
1706 | } |
---|
1707 | } |
---|
1708 | |
---|
1709 | |
---|
1710 | while( size(FLM) > 0 ) |
---|
1711 | { |
---|
1712 | // Take the 1st element of FLM... |
---|
1713 | q = SANF( FLM[1], FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS ); |
---|
1714 | |
---|
1715 | FLM[1] = 0; // ...and kill it from FLM |
---|
1716 | |
---|
1717 | d = maxdegInt(q); |
---|
1718 | T = ideal(q); |
---|
1719 | |
---|
1720 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[d] = FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[d] + T; |
---|
1721 | |
---|
1722 | for( j = 1; j <= D; j = j + d ) // For every degree (j*d) of T, do: |
---|
1723 | { |
---|
1724 | for( l = j; (l + d) <= D; l++ ) |
---|
1725 | { |
---|
1726 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l+d] = |
---|
1727 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l+d] + FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l] * T; |
---|
1728 | |
---|
1729 | if( c != 1 ) |
---|
1730 | { |
---|
1731 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l+d] = |
---|
1732 | FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l+d] + T * FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS[l]; |
---|
1733 | } |
---|
1734 | } |
---|
1735 | } |
---|
1736 | |
---|
1737 | if( size(FLM) > 0 ) |
---|
1738 | { |
---|
1739 | for( i = 2; i <= ncols(FLM); i++ ) |
---|
1740 | { |
---|
1741 | FLM[i] = SANF( FLM[i], FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS ); |
---|
1742 | } |
---|
1743 | FLM = INTERRED( FLM ); |
---|
1744 | } |
---|
1745 | } |
---|
1746 | |
---|
1747 | poly result = SANF(p, FOUND_LEADING_MONOMIALS); |
---|
1748 | |
---|
1749 | result = makeNice( result ); |
---|
1750 | |
---|
1751 | |
---|
1752 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "sa_poly_reduce", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1753 | |
---|
1754 | return( result ); |
---|
1755 | } |
---|
1756 | example |
---|
1757 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1758 | ring A = 0,(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
1759 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
1760 | D[1,2]=-z; D[1,3]=2*x; D[2,3]=-2*y; |
---|
1761 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
---|
1762 | poly f = 4*x*y+z^2-2*z; // a central polynomial |
---|
1763 | sa_poly_reduce(f + 3*f*f + x, ideal(f) ); // should be just 'x' |
---|
1764 | } |
---|
1765 | |
---|
1766 | |
---|
1767 | |
---|
1768 | |
---|
1769 | |
---|
1770 | |
---|
1771 | |
---|
1772 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1773 | // ::inStuff:: inCentralizer, inCenter, isCartan helpers |
---|
1774 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1775 | |
---|
1776 | |
---|
1777 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1778 | static proc inCentralizer_poly( poly p, ideal S ) |
---|
1779 | " |
---|
1780 | if p in centralizer(S) => return 1, otherwise return 0 |
---|
1781 | " |
---|
1782 | { |
---|
1783 | poly f; |
---|
1784 | |
---|
1785 | for( int k = 1; k <= size(S); k++ ) |
---|
1786 | { |
---|
1787 | f = S[k]; |
---|
1788 | |
---|
1789 | if( NF( f * p - p * f, twostd(0) ) != 0 ) |
---|
1790 | { |
---|
1791 | DBPrint( 1, "POLY: " + string (p) + |
---|
1792 | " is NOT in the centralizer of poly {" + string(f) + "}" ); |
---|
1793 | return (0); |
---|
1794 | } |
---|
1795 | } |
---|
1796 | |
---|
1797 | return( 1 ); |
---|
1798 | } |
---|
1799 | |
---|
1800 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1801 | static proc inCentralizer_list( def l, ideal S ) |
---|
1802 | { |
---|
1803 | for( int @i = 1; @i <= size(l); @i++ ) |
---|
1804 | { |
---|
1805 | if( (typeof(l[@i])=="poly") or (typeof(l[@i]) == "int") or (typeof(l[@i]) == "number") ) |
---|
1806 | { |
---|
1807 | if(! inCentralizer_poly(l[@i], S) ) |
---|
1808 | { |
---|
1809 | return(0); |
---|
1810 | } |
---|
1811 | |
---|
1812 | } else |
---|
1813 | { |
---|
1814 | if( (typeof(l[@i])=="list") or (typeof(l[@i])=="ideal") ) |
---|
1815 | { |
---|
1816 | if(! inCentralizer_list(l[@i], S) ) |
---|
1817 | { |
---|
1818 | return(0); |
---|
1819 | } |
---|
1820 | } |
---|
1821 | } |
---|
1822 | } |
---|
1823 | return(1); |
---|
1824 | } |
---|
1825 | |
---|
1826 | |
---|
1827 | /******************************************************************************/ |
---|
1828 | // Checks the commutativity of polynomials of a with the polynomials in S |
---|
1829 | proc inCentralizer( def a, ideal S ) |
---|
1830 | " |
---|
1831 | USAGE: inCentralizer(E, S); E poly/list/ideal, S poly/ideal |
---|
1832 | RETURN: integer, 1 if E is in the centralizer(S), 0 otherwise |
---|
1833 | PURPOSE: check whether the elements of E are in the centralizer(S) |
---|
1834 | EXAMPLE: example inCentralizer; shows examples |
---|
1835 | " |
---|
1836 | { |
---|
1837 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "inCentralizer", a, S ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1838 | |
---|
1839 | if( nameof( basering ) == "basering" ) |
---|
1840 | { |
---|
1841 | // ERROR( "No current ring!" ); |
---|
1842 | } |
---|
1843 | |
---|
1844 | |
---|
1845 | int res; |
---|
1846 | |
---|
1847 | if( (typeof(a) == "poly") or (typeof(a) == "int") or (typeof(a) == "number") ) |
---|
1848 | { |
---|
1849 | res = inCentralizer_poly(a, S); |
---|
1850 | } else |
---|
1851 | { |
---|
1852 | if( (typeof(a)=="list") or (typeof(a)=="ideal") ) |
---|
1853 | { |
---|
1854 | res = inCentralizer_list(a, S); |
---|
1855 | } else |
---|
1856 | { |
---|
1857 | res = -1; |
---|
1858 | } |
---|
1859 | } |
---|
1860 | |
---|
1861 | if( res == -1 ) |
---|
1862 | { |
---|
1863 | ERROR( "Wrong argument!" ); |
---|
1864 | } |
---|
1865 | |
---|
1866 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "inCentralizer", res ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1867 | |
---|
1868 | return (res); |
---|
1869 | } |
---|
1870 | example |
---|
1871 | { |
---|
1872 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
---|
1873 | ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
1874 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
1875 | D[1,2]=-z; |
---|
1876 | ncalgebra(1,D); // the Heisenberg algebra |
---|
1877 | poly f = x^2; |
---|
1878 | poly a = z; // 'z' is central => it lies in every centralizer! |
---|
1879 | poly b = y^2; |
---|
1880 | inCentralizer(a, f); |
---|
1881 | inCentralizer(b, f); |
---|
1882 | list l = list(1, a); |
---|
1883 | inCentralizer(l, f); |
---|
1884 | ideal I = a, b; |
---|
1885 | inCentralizer(I, f); |
---|
1886 | printlevel = 2; |
---|
1887 | inCentralizer(a, f); // yes |
---|
1888 | inCentralizer(b, f); // no |
---|
1889 | } |
---|
1890 | |
---|
1891 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1892 | // Checks the centrality of a |
---|
1893 | proc inCenter( def a ) |
---|
1894 | " |
---|
1895 | USAGE: inCenter(E); E poly/list/ideal |
---|
1896 | RETURN: integer, 1 if E is in the center, 0 otherwise |
---|
1897 | PURPOSE: check whether the elements of E are central |
---|
1898 | EXAMPLE: example inCenter; shows examples |
---|
1899 | " |
---|
1900 | { |
---|
1901 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "inCenter", a ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1902 | |
---|
1903 | if( nameof( basering ) == "basering" ) |
---|
1904 | { |
---|
1905 | // ERROR( "No current ring!" ); |
---|
1906 | } |
---|
1907 | |
---|
1908 | int result = inCentralizer( a, variablesStandard() ); |
---|
1909 | |
---|
1910 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "inCenter", result ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1911 | |
---|
1912 | return( result ); |
---|
1913 | } |
---|
1914 | example |
---|
1915 | { |
---|
1916 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
---|
1917 | ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
1918 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
1919 | D[1,2]=-z; |
---|
1920 | D[1,3]=2*x; |
---|
1921 | D[2,3]=-2*y; |
---|
1922 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this is U(sl_2) |
---|
1923 | poly p=4*x*y+z^2-2*z; |
---|
1924 | inCenter(p); |
---|
1925 | poly f=4*x*y; |
---|
1926 | inCenter(f); |
---|
1927 | list l= list( 1, p, p^2, p^3); |
---|
1928 | inCenter(l); |
---|
1929 | ideal I= p, f; |
---|
1930 | inCenter(I); |
---|
1931 | } |
---|
1932 | |
---|
1933 | |
---|
1934 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
1935 | // Checks whether f is a Cartan element. |
---|
1936 | proc isCartan( poly f ) |
---|
1937 | " |
---|
1938 | USAGE: isCartan(f); f poly |
---|
1939 | PURPOSE: check whether f is a Cartan element. |
---|
1940 | RETURN: integer, 1 if f is a Cartan element and 0 otherwise. |
---|
1941 | NOTE: f is a Cartan element of the algebra A |
---|
1942 | @* iff for all g in A there exists C in K such that [f, g] = C * g |
---|
1943 | @* iff for all variables v_i there exist C in K such that [f, v_i] = C * v_i. |
---|
1944 | " |
---|
1945 | { |
---|
1946 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ BCall( "isCartan", f ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1947 | |
---|
1948 | if( nameof( basering ) == "basering" ) |
---|
1949 | { |
---|
1950 | // ERROR( "No current ring!" ); |
---|
1951 | } |
---|
1952 | |
---|
1953 | |
---|
1954 | ideal V = variablesStandard(); |
---|
1955 | |
---|
1956 | int r = 1; poly v, g; |
---|
1957 | |
---|
1958 | for( int i = size(V); i > 0; i-- ) |
---|
1959 | { |
---|
1960 | v = leadmonom(V[i]); // V[i] must be just a variable, but... |
---|
1961 | |
---|
1962 | g = NF( f*v - v*f, twostd(0) ); // [f, V[i]] |
---|
1963 | |
---|
1964 | if( size(g) > 0 ) |
---|
1965 | { |
---|
1966 | if( size(g) > 1 ) // it is not just \alpha * v_i. |
---|
1967 | { |
---|
1968 | r = 0; |
---|
1969 | break; |
---|
1970 | } |
---|
1971 | |
---|
1972 | if( leadmonom(g) != v ) // g = \alpha * v_j, j != i. |
---|
1973 | { |
---|
1974 | r = 0; |
---|
1975 | break; |
---|
1976 | } |
---|
1977 | |
---|
1978 | } // else \alpha = 0 |
---|
1979 | } |
---|
1980 | |
---|
1981 | /*4DEBUG*/ if( defined( @@@DEBUG ) ){ ECall( "isCartan", r ); }; /*4DEBUG*/ |
---|
1982 | return( r ); |
---|
1983 | } |
---|
1984 | example |
---|
1985 | { |
---|
1986 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
---|
1987 | ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
1988 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
1989 | D[1,2]=-z; |
---|
1990 | D[1,3]=2*x; |
---|
1991 | D[2,3]=-2*y; |
---|
1992 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this is U(sl_2) with cartan - z |
---|
1993 | isCartan(z); // yes! |
---|
1994 | poly p=4*x*y+z^2-2*z; |
---|
1995 | isCartan(p); // central elements are Cartan elements! |
---|
1996 | poly f=4*x*y; |
---|
1997 | isCartan(f); // no way! |
---|
1998 | isCartan( 10 + p + z ); // scalar + central + cartan |
---|
1999 | } |
---|
2000 | |
---|
2001 | |
---|
2002 | |
---|
2003 | |
---|
2004 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
2005 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
2006 | // ::MainAliases:: The main non-static functions, visible to user are here. They are wrappers around basic functions. |
---|
2007 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
2008 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
2009 | |
---|
2010 | |
---|
2011 | |
---|
2012 | |
---|
2013 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
2014 | // Computes the generators of the center of a basering |
---|
2015 | proc center( int D, list # ) |
---|
2016 | " |
---|
2017 | USAGE: center(D[, N]); D int, N optional int |
---|
2018 | RETURN: ideal, generated by computed elements |
---|
2019 | PURPOSE: computes subalgebra generators of the center up to degree D |
---|
2020 | NOTE: In general, one cannot compute the whole center. |
---|
2021 | @* Hence, one has to specify a termination condition via arguments D and/or N. |
---|
2022 | @* If D is positive, only central elements up to degree D will be found. |
---|
2023 | @* If D is negative, the termination is determined by N only. |
---|
2024 | @* If N is given, the computation stops if at least N elements have been found. |
---|
2025 | @* Warning: if N is given and bigger than the actual number of generators, |
---|
2026 | @* the procedure may not terminate. |
---|
2027 | @* Current ordering must be a degree compatible well-ordering. |
---|
2028 | SEE ALSO: centralizer; inCenter |
---|
2029 | EXAMPLE: example center; shows an example |
---|
2030 | " |
---|
2031 | { |
---|
2032 | if( nameof( basering ) == "basering" ) |
---|
2033 | { |
---|
2034 | // ERROR( "No current ring!" ); |
---|
2035 | } |
---|
2036 | |
---|
2037 | if( DefaultInt( # ) > 0 ) |
---|
2038 | { |
---|
2039 | return( centerRed( D, # ) ); |
---|
2040 | } |
---|
2041 | |
---|
2042 | if( D >= 0 ) |
---|
2043 | { |
---|
2044 | return( sa_reduce( centerVS(D) ) ); // Experimental! May be wrong!!! |
---|
2045 | } |
---|
2046 | |
---|
2047 | ERROR( "Wrong arguments!" ); |
---|
2048 | } |
---|
2049 | example |
---|
2050 | { |
---|
2051 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2052 | ring A = 0,(x,y,z,t),dp; |
---|
2053 | matrix D[4][4]=0; |
---|
2054 | D[1,2]=-z; D[1,3]=2*x; D[2,3]=-2*y; |
---|
2055 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) tensored with K[t] |
---|
2056 | // find generators of the center of degree <= 3: |
---|
2057 | ideal Z = center(3); |
---|
2058 | Z; |
---|
2059 | inCenter(Z); // check the result |
---|
2060 | // find at least one generator of the center: |
---|
2061 | ideal ZZ = center(-1, 1); |
---|
2062 | ZZ; |
---|
2063 | inCenter(ZZ); // check the result |
---|
2064 | } |
---|
2065 | |
---|
2066 | /******************************************************/ |
---|
2067 | // Computes the generators of the centralizer of S in a basering |
---|
2068 | proc centralizer( ideal S, int D, list # ) |
---|
2069 | " |
---|
2070 | USAGE: centralizer(F, D[, N]); F poly/ideal, D int, N optional int |
---|
2071 | RETURN: ideal, generated by computed elements |
---|
2072 | PURPOSE: computes subalgebra generators of centralizer(F) up to degree D |
---|
2073 | NOTE: In general, one cannot compute the whole centralizer(F). |
---|
2074 | @* Hence, one has to specify a termination condition via arguments D and/or N. |
---|
2075 | @* If D is positive, only centralizing elements up to degree D will be found. |
---|
2076 | @* If D is negative, the termination is determined by N only. |
---|
2077 | @* If N is given, the computation stops if at least N elements have been found. |
---|
2078 | @* Warning: if N is given and bigger than the actual number of generators, |
---|
2079 | @* the procedure may not terminate. |
---|
2080 | @* Current ordering must be a degree compatible well-ordering. |
---|
2081 | SEE ALSO: center; inCentralizer |
---|
2082 | EXAMPLE: example centralizer; shows an example |
---|
2083 | " |
---|
2084 | { |
---|
2085 | if( nameof( basering ) == "basering" ) |
---|
2086 | { |
---|
2087 | // ERROR( "No current ring!" ); |
---|
2088 | } |
---|
2089 | |
---|
2090 | if( DefaultInt( # ) > 0 ) |
---|
2091 | { |
---|
2092 | return( centralizerRed( S, D, # ) ); |
---|
2093 | } |
---|
2094 | |
---|
2095 | if( D >= 0 ) |
---|
2096 | { |
---|
2097 | return( sa_reduce( centralizerVS(S, D) ) ); // Experimental! May be wrong!!! |
---|
2098 | } |
---|
2099 | |
---|
2100 | ERROR( "Wrong arguments!" ); |
---|
2101 | } |
---|
2102 | example |
---|
2103 | { |
---|
2104 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2105 | ring A = 0,(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
2106 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
---|
2107 | D[1,2]=-z; D[1,3]=2*x; D[2,3]=-2*y; |
---|
2108 | ncalgebra(1,D); // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
---|
2109 | poly f = 4*x*y+z^2-2*z; // a central polynomial |
---|
2110 | f; |
---|
2111 | // find generators of the centralizer of f of degree <= 2: |
---|
2112 | ideal c = centralizer(f, 2); |
---|
2113 | c; // since f is central, the answer consists of generators of A |
---|
2114 | inCentralizer(c, f); // check the result |
---|
2115 | // find at least two generators of the centralizer of f: |
---|
2116 | ideal cc = centralizer(f,-1,2); |
---|
2117 | cc; |
---|
2118 | inCentralizer(cc, f); // check the result |
---|
2119 | poly g = z^2-2*z; // some non-central polynomial |
---|
2120 | // find generators of the centralizer of g of degree <= 2: |
---|
2121 | c = centralizer(g, 2); |
---|
2122 | c; |
---|
2123 | inCentralizer(c, g); // check the result |
---|
2124 | // find at least one generator of the centralizer of g: |
---|
2125 | centralizer(g,-1,1); |
---|
2126 | // find at least two generators of the centralizer of g: |
---|
2127 | cc = centralizer(g,-1,2); |
---|
2128 | cc; |
---|
2129 | inCentralizer(cc, g); // check the result |
---|
2130 | } |
---|
2131 | |
---|
2132 | |
---|
2133 | /******************************************************* |
---|
2134 | // normally one should use this library together with ncalg.lib in the following way: |
---|
2135 | |
---|
2136 | LIB "ncalg.lib"; |
---|
2137 | def Usl3 = makeUsl(3); // U(sl_3) |
---|
2138 | setring Usl3; |
---|
2139 | |
---|
2140 | // show current ring: |
---|
2141 | basering; |
---|
2142 | |
---|
2143 | LIB "center.lib"; |
---|
2144 | |
---|
2145 | // easy example(few seconds), must compute two polynomials of degrees 2 and 3. |
---|
2146 | center(3); |
---|
2147 | |
---|
2148 | kill Usl3; |
---|
2149 | |
---|
2150 | def Ug2 = makeUg2(); // U(g_2) |
---|
2151 | setring Ug2; |
---|
2152 | |
---|
2153 | // show current ring: |
---|
2154 | basering; |
---|
2155 | |
---|
2156 | // easy example(few seconds), must compute one polynomial of degree 2. |
---|
2157 | center(2); |
---|
2158 | |
---|
2159 | // hard example (~hours), must compute two polynomials of degrees 2 and 6. |
---|
2160 | center(6); |
---|
2161 | |
---|
2162 | quit; |
---|
2163 | *******************************************************/ |
---|