source: git/Singular/LIB/dmodapp.lib @ 129f23

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
version="$Id: dmodapp.lib,v 1.7 2008-08-08 12:57:31 Singular Exp $";
category="Noncommutative";
info="
LIBRARY: dmodapp.lib     Applications of algebraic D-modules
AUTHORS: Viktor Levandovskyy,     levandov@math.rwth-aachen.de
@*             Daniel Andres, daniel.andres@math.rwth-aachen.de

GUIDE:
@* - Ann F^s = I = I(F^s) = LD in D(R)[s] can be computed by SannfsBM, SannfsOT, SannfsLOT
@* - global Bernstein polynomial bs resp. BS in K[s] can be computed by bernsteinBM
@* see also dmod.lib

MAIN PROCEDURES:
DLoc(I,F); compute the presentation of the localization of D/I w.r.t. f^s
annRat(f,g); compute the annihilator of a rational function f/g in the corr. Weyl algebra
annPoly(f);  compute the annihilator of a polynomial f in the corr. Weyl algebra
initialmalgrange(f[,s,t,u,v]); compute a Groebner basis of the initial Malgrange ideal for a given poly
initialideal(I,u,v[,s,t]); compute the initial ideal of a given ideal w.r.t. given weights

SECONDARY PROCEDURES FOR D-MODULES:
isFsat(I, F);            check whether the ideal I is F-saturated
SDLoc(I, F); compute a generic presentation of the localization of D/I w.r.t. f^s, for D a Weyl algebra
DLoc0(I, F); compute the localization of D/I w.r.t. f^s, based on the procedure SDLoc
InForm(f,w);     compute the initial form of a poly/ideal w.r.t. a given weight


AUXILIARY PROCEDURES:

AppelF1();      create an ideal annihilating Appel F1 function
AppelF2();      create an ideal annihilating Appel F2 function
AppelF4();      create an ideal annihilating Appel F4 function
engine(I,i);   computes a Groebner basis with the algorithm given by i
poly2list(f);    decompose a poly to a list of terms and exponents

SEE ALSO: dmod_lib, gmssing_lib, bfct_lib
";

LIB "poly.lib";
LIB "sing.lib";
LIB "primdec.lib";
LIB "dmod.lib"; // loads e.g. nctools.lib
LIB "bfct.lib";

// todo: complete and include into above list
// charVariety(I);       compute the characteristic variety of the ideal I
// charInfo(); ???

proc testdmodapp()
{
  example initialideal;
  example initialmalgrange;
  example DLoc;
  example DLoc0;
  example SDLoc;
  example InForm;
  example isFsat;
  example annRat;
  example annPoly;
  example AppelF1;
  example AppelF2;
  example AppelF4;
  example poly2list;
}


proc initialideal (ideal I, intvec u, intvec v, list #)
"USAGE:  initialideal(I, [,s,t]);  I an ideal, s,t optional ints
RETURN:  an ideal, the initial ideal of the input ideal w.r.t. the weights u and v
PURPOSE: compute the initial ideal
NOTE:    Assume, I is an ideal in the n-th Weyl algebra where the sequence of the
@*       variables is x(1),...,x(n),D(1),...,D(n).
@*       Further assume that u is the weight for the x(i) and v the weight for the D(i).
@*       Note that the returned ideal is not a D-ideal but an ideal in the associated
@*       graded ring.
@*       If s<>0, @code{std} is used for Groebner basis computations, otherwise,
@*       and by default, @code{slimgb} is used. 
@*       If t<>0, a matrix ordering is used for Groebner basis computations,
@*       otherwise, and by default, a block ordering is used.
@*       If printlevel=1, progress debug messages will be printed,
@*       if printlevel>=2, all the debug messages will be printed.
EXAMPLE: example initialideal; shows examples
"
{
  int ppl = printlevel - voice +2;
  int i;
  def save = basering;
  int whichengine = 0; // default
  int methodord   = 0; // default
  if (size(#)>0)
  {
    if (typeof(#[1])=="int" || typeof(#[1])=="number")
    {
      whichengine = int(#[1]);
    }
    if (size(#)>1)
    {
      if (typeof(#[2])=="int" || typeof(#[2])=="number")
      {
        methodord = int(#[2]);
      }
    }
  }
  def D = initialidealengine("initialideal", whichengine, methodord, I, u, v);
  ideal inF = fetch(D,inF);
  return(inF);
}
example
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring @D = 0,(x,Dx),dp;
  def D = Weyl();
  setring D;
  intvec u = -1; intvec v = 2;
  ideal I = x^2*Dx^2,x*Dx^4;
  ideal J = initialideal(I,u,v); J;
}

proc initialmalgrange (poly f,list #)
"USAGE:  initialmalgrange(f, [,s,t,u,v]);  f a poly, s,t,u optional ints, v an optional intvec
RETURN:  a ring, the Weyl algebra induced by the basering, extended in the variables t and Dt
PURPOSE: compute the initial Malgrange ideal of a given poly w.r.t. to the weight vector
@*       (-1,0...,0,1,0,...,0) such that the weight of t is -1 and the weight of Dt is 1.
NOTE:    Activate the output ring with the @code{setring} command.
@*       Varnames of the basering should not include t and Dt.
@*       In the ouput ring, inF is is the initial Malgrange ideal.
@*       If s<>0, @code{std} is used for Groebner basis computations, otherwise,
@*        and by default, @code{slimgb} is used. 
@*       If t<>0, a matrix ordering is used for Groebner basis computations,
@*       otherwise, and by default, a block ordering is used.
@*       If u<>0, the order of the variables is reversed.
@*       If v is a positive weight vector, v is used for homogenization computations,
@*       otherwise and by default, no weights are used.
@*       If printlevel=1, progress debug messages will be printed,
@*       if printlevel>=2, all the debug messages will be printed.
EXAMPLE: example initialmalgrange; shows examples
"
{ 
  int ppl = printlevel - voice +2;
  def save = basering;
  int n = nvars(save);
  int whichengine = 0; // default
  int methodord   = 0; // default
  int reversevars = 0; // default
  intvec u0 = 0;
  if (size(#)>0)
  {
    if (typeof(#[1])=="int" || typeof(#[1])=="number")
    {
      whichengine = int(#[1]);
    }
    if (size(#)>1)
    {
      if (typeof(#[2])=="int" || typeof(#[2])=="number")
      {
        methodord = int(#[2]);
      }
      if (size(#)>2)
      {
        if (typeof(#[3])=="int" || typeof(#[3])=="number")
        {
          reversevars = int(#[3]);
        }
        if (size(#)>3)
        {
          if (typeof(#[4])=="intvec" && size(#[4])==n && ispositive(#[4])==1)
          {
            u0 = #[4];
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if (u0 == 0)
  {
    u0 = 1:n;
  }
  def D = initialidealengine("initialmalgrange",whichengine, methodord, f, 0, 0, u0, reversevars);
  setring D;
  return(D);
}
example
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,(x,y),dp;
  poly f = x2+y3;
  def D = initialmalgrange(f);
  setring D;
  inF;
  setring r;
  def D2 = initialmalgrange(f,1,1,1);
  setring D2;
  inF;
}

proc initialidealengine(string calledfrom, int whichengine, int blockord, list #)
{
  //#[1] = f or I
  //#[2] = u
  //#[3] = v
  //#[4] = u0
  //#[5] = reversevars
  int ppl = printlevel - voice +2;
  def save = basering;
  int i,n,noofvars;
  n = nvars(save);
  intvec uv;
  if (calledfrom == "initialideal")
  {
    ideal I = #[1];
    intvec u = #[2];
    intvec v = #[3];
    uv = u,v,0;
    n = n/2;
    noofvars = 2*n+1;
  }
  else
  {
    poly f = #[1];
    uv[n+2] = 1;
    if (calledfrom == "initialmalgrange")
    {
      noofvars = 2*n+3;
      intvec u0 = #[4];
      int reversevars = #[5];
      ring r = 0,(x(1..n)),wp(u0);
    }
    else // bfctonestep
    {
      uv[n+3] = 1;
      noofvars = 2*n+4;
      ring r = 0,(x(1..n)),dp;
    }
    poly f = fetch(save,f);
    uv[1] = -1; uv[noofvars] = 0;
  }
  //  for the ordering
  intvec @a;
  if (calledfrom == "initialmalgrange")
  {
    int d = deg(f);
    intvec weighttx = d;
    for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
    {
      weighttx[i+1] = u0[n-i+1];
    }
    intvec weightD = 1;
    for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
    {
      weightD[i+1] = d+1-u0[n-i+1];
    }
    @a = weighttx,weightD,1;
  }
  else
  {
    @a = 1:noofvars;
    if (calledfrom == "bfctonestep")
    {
      @a[2] = 2;
      intvec @a2 = @a; @a2[2] = 0; @a2[2*n+4] = 0;
    }
  }
  if (blockord == 0) // default: blockordering
  {
    if (calledfrom == "initialmalgrange")
    {
      ring Dh = 0,(t,x(n..1),Dt,D(n..1),h),(a(@a),a(uv),dp(noofvars-1),lp(1));
    }
    else
    {
      if (calledfrom == "initialideal")
      {
        ring Dh = 0,(x(1..n),D(1..n),h),(a(@a),dp(noofvars-1),lp(1));
      }
      else // bfctonestep
      {
        ring Dh = 0,(t,s,x(n..1),Dt,D(n..1),h),(a(@a),a(@a2),a(uv),dp(noofvars-1),lp(1));
      }
    }
  }
  else // M() ordering
  {
    intmat @Ord[noofvars][noofvars];
    @Ord[1,1..noofvars] = uv;
    @Ord[2,1..noofvars] = 1:(noofvars-1);
    for (i=1; i<=noofvars-2; i++)
    {
      @Ord[2+i,noofvars - i] = -1;
    }
    dbprint(ppl,"weights for ordering:",transpose(@a));
    dbprint(ppl,"the ordering matrix:",@Ord);
    if (calledfrom == "initialmalgrange")
    {
      ring Dh = 0,(t,x(n..1),Dt,D(n..1),h),(a(@a),M(@Ord));
    }
    else
    {
      if (calledfrom == "initialideal")
      {
        ring Dh = 0,(x(1..n),D(1..n),h),(a(@a),M(@Ord));
      }
      else // bfctonestep
      {
        ring Dh = 0,(t,s,x(n..1),Dt,D(n..1),h),(a(@a),a(@a2),M(@Ord));
      }
    }
  }
  dbprint(ppl,"the ring Dh:",Dh);
  // non-commutative relations
  matrix @relD[noofvars][noofvars];
  if (calledfrom == "initialmalgrange")
  {
    for (i=1; i<=n+1; i++)
    {
      @relD[i,n+1+i] = h^(d+1);
    }
  }
  else
  {
    if (calledfrom == "initialideal")
    {
      for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
      {
        @relD[i,n+i] = h^2;
      }
    }
    else // bfctonestep
    {
      @relD[1,2] = t*h^2;// s*t = t*s+t*h^2
      @relD[2,n+3] = Dt*h^2;// Dt*s = s*Dt+h^2
      @relD[1,n+3] = h^2;
      for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
      {
        @relD[i+2,n+3+i] = h^2;
      }
    }
  }
  dbprint(ppl,"nc relations:",@relD);
  def DDh = nc_algebra(1,@relD);
  setring DDh;
  dbprint(ppl,"computing in ring",DDh);
  ideal I;
  if (calledfrom == "initialideal")
  {
    I = fetch(save,I);
    I = homog(I,h);
  }
  else
  {
    poly f = imap(r,f);
    kill r;
    f = homog(f,h);
    I = t-f;  // defining the Malgrange ideal
    for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
    {
      I = I, D(i)+diff(f,x(i))*Dt;
    }
    if (calledfrom == "bfctonestep")
    {
      I = I,t*Dt-s;
    }
  }  
  dbprint(ppl, "starting Groebner basis computation with engine:", whichengine);
  I = engine(I, whichengine);
  dbprint(ppl, "finished Groebner basis computation");
  dbprint(ppl, "I before dehomogenization is" ,I);
  I = subst(I,h,1); // dehomogenization
  dbprint(ppl, "I after dehomogenization is" ,I);
  I = InForm(I,uv); // we are only interested in the initial form w.r.t. uv
  if (calledfrom == "initialmalgrange")
  {
    // keep the names of the variables of the basering
    setring save;
    list rl = ringlist(save);
    list varnames = rl[2];
    for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
    {
      if (varnames[i] == "t")
      {
        ERROR("Variable names should not include t");
      }
    }
    list newvarnamesrev = "t";
    newvarnamesrev[n+2] = "Dt";
    for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
    {
      newvarnamesrev[i+1] = varnames[n+1-i];
      newvarnamesrev[i+n+2] = "D"+varnames[n+1-i];
    }
    rl[2]=newvarnamesrev;
    def @Drev = ring(rl);
    setring @Drev;
    def Drev = Weyl(@Drev);
    setring Drev;
    ideal I = fetch(DDh,I);
    kill Dh, DDh;
    if (reversevars == 0)
    {
      setring save;
      list newvarnames = "t";
      newvarnames[n+2] = "Dt";
      for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
      {
        newvarnames[i+1] = varnames[i];
        newvarnames[i+n+2] = "D"+varnames[i];
      }
      rl[2] = newvarnames;
      def @D = ring(rl);
      setring @D;
      def D = Weyl(@D);
      setring D;
      ideal I = imap(Drev,I);
    }
  }
  else
  {
    if (calledfrom == "initialideal")
    {
      ring @D = 0,(x(1..n),D(1..n)),dp;
      def D = Weyl(@D);
      setring D;
      ideal I = imap(DDh,I);
      kill Dh,DDh;
    }
  }
  if (calledfrom <> "bfctonestep")
  {
    dbprint(ppl, "starting cosmetic Groebner basis computation with engine:", whichengine);
    I = engine(I, whichengine);
    dbprint(ppl,"finished cosmetic Groebner basis computation:");
    dbprint(ppl,"the initial ideal is:", I);
  }
  ideal inF = I;
  export(inF);
  return(basering);
}

proc InForm (list #)
"USAGE:  InForm(f,w) or InForm(I,w);  f a poly, I an ideal, w an intvec
RETURN:  the initial of f or I w.r.t. to the weight w
PURPOSE: compute the initial form of a poly or ideal w.r.t a given weight
NOTE:    the size of the weight vector must be equal to the number of variables of the basering
EXAMPLE: example InForm; shows examples
"
{
  if (size(#)<2)
  {
    ERROR("InForm needs two arguments of type  poly/ideal,intvec");
  }
  if (typeof(#[1])=="poly" || typeof(#[1])=="ideal")
  {
    ideal I = #[1];
  }
  else
  {
    ERROR("first argument must be of type poly or ideal");
  }
  if (typeof(#[2])=="intvec")
  {
    def w = #[2];
  }
  else
  {
    ERROR("second argument must be of type intvec");
  }
  if (size(w) != nvars(basering))
  {
    ERROR("weight vector has wrong dimension");
  }
  int j,i,s,m;
  list l;
  poly g;
  ideal J;
  for (j=1; j<=ncols(I); j++)
  {
    l = poly2list(I[j]);
    m = scalarprod(w,l[1][1]);
    g = 0;
    for (i=2; i<=size(l); i++)
    {
      s = scalarprod(w,l[i][1]);
      m = Max(list(s,m));
    }
    for (i=1; i<=size(l); i++)
    {
      if (scalarprod(w,l[i][1]) == m)
      {
        g = g+l[i][2];
      }
    }
    J[j] = g;  
  }
  if (typeof(#[1])=="poly")
  {
    return(J[1]); // if the input was a poly, return a poly
  }
  else
  {
    return(J);    // otherwise, return an ideal
  }
}
example
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring @D = 0,(x,y,Dx,Dy),dp;
  def D = Weyl();
  setring D;
  poly F = 3*x^2*Dy+2*y*Dx;
  poly G = 2*x*Dx+3*y*Dy+6;
  ideal I = F,G;
  intvec w1 = -1,-1,1,1;
  intvec w2 = -1,-2,1,2;
  intvec w3 = -2,-3,2,3;
  InForm(I,w1);
  InForm(I,w2);
  InForm(I,w3);
  InForm(F,w1);
}

static proc charVariety(ideal I)
"USAGE:  charVariety(I);  I an ideal
RETURN:  ring
PURPOSE: compute the characteristic variety of a D-module D/I
STATUS: experimental, todo
ASSUME: the ground ring is the Weyl algebra with x's before d's
NOTE:    activate the output ring with the @code{setring} command.
@*       In the output (in a commutative ring):
@*       - the ideal CV is the characteristic variety char(I)
@*       If @code{printlevel}=1, progress debug messages will be printed,
@*       if @code{printlevel}>=2, all the debug messages will be printed.
EXAMPLE: example charVariety; shows examples
"
{
  // 1. introduce the weights 0, 1
  def save = basering;
  list LL = ringlist(save);
  list L;
  int i; 
  for(i=1;i<=4;i++)
  {
    L[i] = LL[i];
  }
  list OLD = L[3];
  list NEW; list tmp;
  tmp[1] = "a";  // string
  intvec iv;
  int N = nvars(basering); N = N div 2;
  for(i=N+1; i<=2*N; i++)
  {
    iv[i] = 1;
  }
  tmp[2] = iv;
  NEW[1] = tmp;
  for (i=2; i<=size(OLD);i++)
  {
    NEW[i] = OLD[i-1];
  }
  L[3] = NEW;
  list ncr =ncRelations(save);
  matrix @C = ncr[1];
  matrix @D = ncr[2];
  def @U = ring(L);
  // 2. create the commutative ring  
  setring save;
  list CL;
  for(i=1;i<=4;i++)
  {
    CL[i] = L[i];
  }
  CL[3] = OLD;
  def @CU = ring(CL);
  // comm ring is ready
  setring @U;
  // make @U noncommutative
  matrix @C = imap(save,@C);
  matrix @D = imap(save,@D);
  def @@U = nc_algebra(@C,@D);
  setring @@U; kill @U;
  // 2. compute Groebner basis
  ideal I = imap(save,I);
  //  I = groebner(I);
  I = slimgb(I); // a bug?
  setring @CU;
  ideal CV = imap(@@U,I);
  //  CV = groebner(CV); // cosmetics
  CV = slimgb(CV);
  export CV;
  return(@CU);
}
example
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,(x,y),Dp;
  poly F = x3-y2;
  printlevel = 0;
  def A  = annfs(F);
  setring A; // Weyl algebra
  LD; // the ideal
  def CA = charVariety(LD);
  setring CA;
  CV;
  dim(CV);
}

// TODO
static proc charInfo(ideal I)
"USAGE:  charInfo(I);  I an ideal 
RETURN:  ring
STATUS: experimental, todo
PURPOSE: compute the characteristic information for I
ASSUME: the ground ring is the Weyl algebra with x's before d's
NOTE:    activate the output ring with the @code{setring} command.
@*       In the output (in a commutative ring):
@*       - the ideal CV is the characteristic variety char(I)
@*       - the ideal SL is the singular locus of char(I)
@*       - the list PD is the primary decomposition of char(I)
@*       If @code{printlevel}=1, progress debug messages will be printed,
@*       if @code{printlevel}>=2, all the debug messages will be printed.
EXAMPLE: example annfs; shows examples
"
{
  def save = basering;
  def @A = charVariety(I);
  setring @A;
  // run slocus
  // run primdec
}


proc AppelF1()
//(number a,b,c,d)
{
  // Appel F1, d = b', SST p.48
  ring @r = (0,a,b,c,d),(x,y,Dx,Dy),(a(0,0,1,1),dp);
  matrix @D[4][4];
  @D[1,3]=1; @D[2,4]=1;
  def @S = nc_algebra(1,@D);
  setring @S;
  ideal IAppel1 =
    (x*Dx)*(x*Dx+y*Dy+c-1) - x*(x*Dx+y*Dy+a)*(x*Dx+b),
    (y*Dy)*(x*Dx+y*Dy+c-1) - y*(x*Dx+y*Dy+a)*(x*Dx+d),
    (x-y)*Dx*Dy - d*Dx + b*Dy;
  export IAppel1;
  kill @r;
  return(@S);
}
example
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,x,dp;
  def A = AppelF1(); //(1,2,3,4);
  setring A;
  IAppel1;
}

proc AppelF2()
//(number a,b,c)
{
  // Appel F2, c = b', SST p.85
  ring @r = (0,a,b,c),(x,y,Dx,Dy),(a(0,0,1,1),dp);
  matrix @D[4][4];
  @D[1,3]=1; @D[2,4]=1;
  def @S = nc_algebra(1,@D);
  setring @S;
  ideal IAppel2 =
    (x*Dx)^2 - x*(x*Dx+y*Dy+a)*(x*Dx+b),
    (y*Dy)^2 - y*(x*Dx+y*Dy+a)*(y*Dy+c);
  export IAppel2;
  kill @r;
  return(@S);
}
example
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,x,dp;
  def A = AppelF2(); //(1,2,3,4);
  setring A;
  IAppel2;
}

proc AppelF4()
//number a,b,c,d - ?
{
  // Appel F4, d = c', SST, p. 39
  ring @r = (0,a,b,c,d),(x,y,Dx,Dy),(a(0,0,1,1),dp);
  matrix @D[4][4];
  @D[1,3]=1; @D[2,4]=1;
  def @S = nc_algebra(1,@D);
  setring @S;
  ideal IAppel4 =
    Dx*(x*Dx+c-1) - x*(x*Dx+y*Dy+a)*(x*Dx+y*Dy+b),
    Dy*(y*Dy+d-1) - y*(x*Dx+y*Dy+a)*(x*Dx+y*Dy+b);
  export IAppel4;
  kill @r;
  return(@S);
}
example
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,x,dp;
  def A = AppelF4(); //(1,2,3,4);
  setring A;
  IAppel4;
}

proc poly2list (poly f)
"USAGE:  poly2list(f); f a poly
RETURN:  list of exponents and corresponding terms of f
PURPOSE: convert a polynomial to a list of exponents and corresponding terms
EXAMPLE: example poly2list; shows examples
"
{
  list l;
  int i = 1;
  if (f==0) // just for the zero polynomial
  {
    l[1] = list(leadexp(f), lead(f));
  }
  while (f!=0)
  {
    l[i] = list(leadexp(f), lead(f));
    f = f-lead(f);
    i++;
  }
  return(l);
}
example
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,x,dp;
  poly F = x;
  poly2list(F);
  ring r2 = 0,(x,y),dp;
  poly F = x2y+x*y2;
  poly2list(F);
}


proc isFsat(ideal I, poly F)
"USAGE:  isFsat(I, F);  I an ideal, F a poly
RETURN: int 
PURPOSE: check whether the ideal I is F-saturated
NOTE:    1 is returned if I is F-saturated, otherwise 0 is returned
*   we check indeed that  Ker(D --F--> D/I) is (0)
EXAMPLE: example isFsat; shows examples
"
{
  /* checks whether I is F-saturated, that is Ke  (D -F-> D/I) is 0 */
  /* works in any algebra */
  /*  for simplicity : later check attrib */
  /* returns -1 if true */
  if (attrib(I,"isSB")!=1)
  {
    I = groebner(I);
  }
  matrix @M = matrix(I);
  matrix @F[1][1] = F;
  module S = modulo(@F,@M);
  S = NF(S,I);
  S = groebner(S);
  return( (gkdim(S) == -1) );
}
example
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,(x,y),dp;
  poly G = x*(x-y)*y;
  def A = annfs(G);
  setring A;
  poly F = x3-y2;
  isFsat(LD,F);
  ideal J = LD*F;
  isFsat(J,F);
}

proc DLoc(ideal I, poly F)
"USAGE:  DLoc(I, F);  I an ideal, F a poly
RETURN: nothing (exports objects instead)
ASSUME: the basering is a Weyl algebra and I is F-saturated
PURPOSE: compute the presentation of the localization of D/I w.r.t. f^s
NOTE:    In the basering, the following objects are exported:
@*       - the ideal LD0 (which is a Groebner basis) is the presentation of the localization
@*       - the ideal BS contains the roots with multiplicities of a Bernstein polynomial of D/I w.r.t f.
@*       If printlevel=1, progress debug messages will be printed,
@*       if printlevel>=2, all the debug messages will be printed.
EXAMPLE: example DLoc; shows examples
"
{
  /* runs SDLoc and DLoc0 */
  /* assume: run from Weyl algebra */
  int old_printlevel = printlevel;
  printlevel=printlevel+1;
  def @R = basering;
  def @R2 = SDLoc(I,F);
  setring @R2;
  poly F = imap(@R,F);
  def @R3 = DLoc0(LD,F);
  setring @R3;
  ideal bs = BS[1];
  intvec m = BS[2];
  setring @R;
  ideal LD0 = imap(@R3,LD0);
  export LD0;
  ideal bs = imap(@R3,bs);
  list BS; BS[1] = bs; BS[2] = m;
  export BS;
  kill @R3;
  printlevel = old_printlevel;
}
example;
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,(x,y,Dx,Dy),dp;
  def R = Weyl();    setring R;
  poly F = x2-y3;
  ideal I = (y^3 - x^2)*Dx - 2*x, (y^3 - x^2)*Dy + 3*y^2; // I = Dx*F, Dy*F; 
  DLoc(I, x2-y3);
  LD0; 
  BS;
}

proc DLoc0(ideal I, poly F)
"USAGE:  DLoc0(I, F);  I an ideal, F a poly
RETURN:  ring
PURPOSE: compute the presentation of the localization of D/I w.r.t. f^s, where D is a Weyl Algebra, based on the output of procedure SDLoc
ASSUME: the basering is similar to the output ring of SDLoc procedure
NOTE:    activate this ring with the @code{setring} command. In this ring,
@*       - the ideal LD0 (which is a Groebner basis) is the presentation of the localization
@*       - the ideal BS contains the roots with multiplicities of a Bernstein polynomial of D/I w.r.t f.
@*       If printlevel=1, progress debug messages will be printed,
@*       if printlevel>=2, all the debug messages will be printed.
EXAMPLE: example DLoc0; shows examples
"
{
  /* assume: to be run in the output ring of SDLoc */
  /* todo: add F, eliminate vars*Dvars, factorize BS */
  /* analogue to annfs0 */
  def @R2 = basering;
  // we're in D_n[s], where the elim ord for s is set
  ideal J = NF(I,std(F));
  // make leadcoeffs positive
  int i;
  for (i=1; i<= ncols(J); i++)
  {
    if (leadcoef(J[i]) <0 )
    {
      J[i] = -J[i];
    }
  }
  J = J,F;
  ideal M = groebner(J);
  int Nnew = nvars(@R2);
  ideal K2 = nselect(M,1,Nnew-1);
  int ppl = printlevel-voice+2;
  dbprint(ppl,"// -1-1- _x,_Dx are eliminated in basering");
  dbprint(ppl-1, K2);
  // the ring @R3 and the search for minimal negative int s
  ring @R3 = 0,s,dp;
  dbprint(ppl,"// -2-1- the ring @R3 = K[s] is ready");
  ideal K3 = imap(@R2,K2);
  poly p = K3[1];
  dbprint(ppl,"// -2-2- attempt the factorization");
  list PP = factorize(p);          //with constants and multiplicities
  ideal bs; intvec m;             //the Bernstein polynomial is monic, so we are not interested in constants
  for (i=2; i<= size(PP[1]); i++)  //we delete P[1][1] and P[2][1]
  {
    bs[i-1] = PP[1][i];
    m[i-1]  = PP[2][i];
  }
  ideal bbs; int srat=0; int HasRatRoots = 0;
  int sP;
  for (i=1; i<= size(bs); i++) 
  {
    if (deg(bs[i]) == 1)
    {
      bbs = bbs,bs[i];
    }
  }
  if (size(bbs)==0)
  {
    dbprint(ppl-1,"// -2-3- factorization: no rational roots");
    //    HasRatRoots = 0;
    HasRatRoots = 1; // s0 = -1 then
    sP = -1;
    // todo: return ideal with no subst and a b-function unfactorized
  }
  else
  {
    // exist rational roots
    dbprint(ppl-1,"// -2-3- factorization: rational roots found");
    HasRatRoots = 1;
    //    dbprint(ppl-1,bbs);
    bbs = bbs[2..ncols(bbs)];
    ideal P = bbs;
    dbprint(ppl-1,P);
    srat = size(bs) - size(bbs);
    // define minIntRoot on linear factors or find out that it doesn't exist
    intvec vP;
    number nP;
    P = normalize(P); // now leadcoef = 1
    P = lead(P)-P;
    sP = size(P);
    int cnt = 0;
    for (i=1; i<=sP; i++)
    {
      nP = leadcoef(P[i]);
      if ( (nP - int(nP)) == 0 )
      {
        cnt++;
        vP[cnt] = int(nP);
      }
    }
//     if ( size(vP)>=2 )
//     {
//       vP = vP[2..size(vP)];
//     }
    if ( size(vP)==0 )
    {
      // no roots!
      dbprint(ppl,"// -2-4- no integer root, setting s0 = -1");
      sP = -1; 
      //      HasRatRoots = 0; // older stuff, here we do substitution
      HasRatRoots = 1;
    }
    else
    {
      HasRatRoots = 1;
      sP = -Max(-vP);
      dbprint(ppl,"// -2-4- minimal integer root found");
      dbprint(ppl-1, sP);
      //    int sP = minIntRoot(bbs,1);
//       P =  normalize(P);
//       bs = -subst(bs,s,0);
      if (sP >=0)
      {
        dbprint(ppl,"// -2-5- nonnegative root, setting s0 = -1");
        sP = -1;
      }
      else
      {
        dbprint(ppl,"// -2-5- the root is negative");
      }
    }
  }

  if (HasRatRoots)
  {
    setring @R2;
    K2 = subst(I,s,sP);
    // IF min int root exists ->
    // create the ordinary Weyl algebra and put the result into it,
    // thus creating the ring @R5
    // ELSE : return the same ring with new objects
    // keep: N, i,j,s, tmp, RL
    Nnew = Nnew - 1; // former 2*N;
    // list RL = ringlist(save);  // is defined earlier
    //  kill Lord, tmp, iv;
    list L = 0;
    list Lord, tmp;
    intvec iv;
    list RL = ringlist(basering);
    L[1] = RL[1];
    L[4] = RL[4];  //char, minpoly
    // check whether vars have admissible names -> done earlier
    // list Name = RL[2]M
    // DName is defined earlier
    list NName; // = RL[2]; // skip the last var 's'
    for (i=1; i<=Nnew; i++)
    {
      NName[i] =  RL[2][i];
    }
    L[2] = NName;
    // dp ordering;
    string s = "iv=";
    for (i=1; i<=Nnew; i++)
    {
      s = s+"1,";
    }
    s[size(s)] = ";";
    execute(s);
    tmp     = 0;
    tmp[1]  = "dp";  // string
    tmp[2]  = iv;  // intvec
    Lord[1] = tmp;
    kill s;
    tmp[1]  = "C";
    iv = 0;
    tmp[2]  = iv;
    Lord[2] = tmp;
    tmp     = 0;
    L[3]    = Lord;
    // we are done with the list
    // Add: Plural part
    def @R4@ = ring(L);
    setring @R4@;
    int N = Nnew/2;
    matrix @D[Nnew][Nnew];
    for (i=1; i<=N; i++)
    {
      @D[i,N+i]=1;
    }
    def @R4 = nc_algebra(1,@D);
    setring @R4;
    kill @R4@;
    dbprint(ppl,"// -3-1- the ring @R4 is ready");
    dbprint(ppl-1, @R4);
    ideal K4 = imap(@R2,K2);
    option(redSB);
    dbprint(ppl,"// -3-2- the final cosmetic std");
    K4 = groebner(K4);  // std does the job too
    // total cleanup
    setring @R2;
    ideal bs = imap(@R3,bs);
    bs = -normalize(bs); // "-" for getting correct coeffs!
    bs = subst(bs,s,0);
    kill @R3;
    setring @R4;
    ideal bs = imap(@R2,bs); // only rationals are the entries 
    list BS; BS[1] = bs; BS[2] = m;
    export BS;
    //    list LBS = imap(@R3,LBS);
    //    list BS; BS[1] = sbs; BS[2] = m;
    //    BS;
    //    export BS;
    ideal LD0 = K4;
    export LD0;
    return(@R4);    
  }
  else
  { 
    /* SHOULD NEVER GET THERE */
    /* no rational/integer roots */
    /* return objects in the copy of current ring */
    setring @R2;
    ideal LD0 = I;
    poly BS = normalize(K2[1]);
    export LD0;
    export BS;
    return(@R2);
  }  
}
example;
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,(x,y,Dx,Dy),dp;
  def R = Weyl();    setring R;
  poly F = x2-y3;
  ideal I = (y^3 - x^2)*Dx - 2*x, (y^3 - x^2)*Dy + 3*y^2; // I = Dx*F, Dy*F; 
  def W = SDLoc(I,F);  setring W; // creates ideal LD
  def U = DLoc0(LD, x2-y3);  setring U;
  LD0; 
  BS;
}


proc SDLoc(ideal I, poly F)
"USAGE:  SDLoc(I, F);  I an ideal, F a poly
RETURN:  ring
PURPOSE: compute a generic presentation of the localization of D/I w.r.t. f^s, where D is a Weyl Algebra
ASSUME: the basering is a Weyl algebra
NOTE:    activate this ring with the @code{setring} command. In this ring,
@*       - the ideal LD (which is a Groebner basis) is the presentation of the localization
@*       If printlevel=1, progress debug messages will be printed,
@*       if printlevel>=2, all the debug messages will be printed.
EXAMPLE: example SDLoc; shows examples
"
{
  /* analogue to Sannfs */
  /* printlevel >=4 gives debug info */
  /* assume: we're in the Weyl algebra D  in x1,x2,...,d1,d2,... */
  def save = basering;
  /* 1. create D <t, dt, s > as in LOT */
  /* ordering: eliminate t,dt */
  int ppl = printlevel-voice+2;
  int N = nvars(save); N = N div 2;
  int Nnew = 2*N + 3; // t,Dt,s
  int i,j;
  string s;
  list RL = ringlist(save);
  list L, Lord;
  list tmp;
  intvec iv;
  L[1] = RL[1]; // char
  L[4] = RL[4]; // char, minpoly
  // check whether vars have admissible names
  list Name  = RL[2];
  list RName;
  RName[1] = "@t";
  RName[2] = "@Dt";
  RName[3] = "s";
  for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
  {
    for(j=1; j<=size(RName);j++)
    {
      if (Name[i] == RName[j])
      {
        ERROR("Variable names should not include @t,@Dt,s");
      }
    }
  }
  // now, create the names for new vars
  tmp    =  0;
  tmp[1] = "@t";
  tmp[2] = "@Dt";
  list SName ; SName[1] = "s";
  list NName = tmp + Name + SName;
  L[2]   = NName;
  tmp    = 0;
  kill NName;
  // block ord (a(1,1),dp);
  tmp[1]  = "a"; // string
  iv      = 1,1;
  tmp[2]  = iv; //intvec
  Lord[1] = tmp;
  // continue with dp 1,1,1,1...
  tmp[1]  = "dp"; // string
  s       = "iv=";
  for(i=1;i<=Nnew;i++)
  {
    s = s+"1,";
  }
  s[size(s)]= ";";
  execute(s);
  tmp[2]    = iv;
  Lord[2]   = tmp;
  tmp[1]    = "C";
  iv        = 0;
  tmp[2]    = iv;
  Lord[3]   = tmp;
  tmp       = 0;
  L[3]      = Lord;
  // we are done with the list
  def @R@ = ring(L);
  setring @R@;
  matrix @D[Nnew][Nnew];
  @D[1,2]=1;
  for(i=1; i<=N; i++)
  {
    @D[2+i,N+2+i]=1;
  }
  // ADD [s,t]=-t, [s,Dt]=Dt
  @D[1,Nnew] = -var(1);
  @D[2,Nnew] = var(2);
  def @R = nc_algebra(1,@D);
  setring @R;
  kill @R@;
  dbprint(ppl,"// -1-1- the ring @R(t,Dt,_x,_Dx,s) is ready");
  dbprint(ppl-1, @R);
  poly  F = imap(save,F);
  ideal I = imap(save,I);
  dbprint(ppl-1, "the ideal after map:");
  dbprint(ppl-1, I);
  poly p = 0;
  for(i=1; i<=N; i++)
  {
    p = diff(F,var(2+i))*@Dt + var(2+N+i);
    dbprint(ppl-1, p);
    I = subst(I,var(2+N+i),p);
    dbprint(ppl-1, var(2+N+i));
    p = 0;
  }
  I = I, @t - F;
  // t*Dt + s +1 reduced with t-f gives f*Dt + s
  I = I, F*var(2) + var(Nnew);
  // -------- the ideal I is ready ----------
  dbprint(ppl,"// -1-2- starting the elimination of @t,@Dt in @R");
  dbprint(ppl-1, I);
  //  ideal J = engine(I,eng);
  ideal J = groebner(I);
  dbprint(ppl-1,"// -1-2-1- result of the  elimination of @t,@Dt in @R");
  dbprint(ppl-1, J);;
  ideal K = nselect(J,1,2);
  dbprint(ppl,"// -1-3- @t,@Dt are eliminated");
  dbprint(ppl-1, K);  // K is without t, Dt
  K = groebner(K);  // std does the job too
  // now, we must change the ordering
  // and create a ring without t, Dt
  setring save;
  // ----------- the ring @R3 ------------
  // _x, _Dx,s;  elim.ord for _x,_Dx.
  // keep: N, i,j,s, tmp, RL
  Nnew = 2*N+1;
  kill Lord, tmp, iv, RName;
  list Lord, tmp;
  intvec iv;
  L[1] = RL[1];
  L[4] = RL[4];  // char, minpoly
  // check whether vars hava admissible names -> done earlier
  // now, create the names for new var
  tmp[1] = "s";
  list NName = Name + tmp;
  L[2] = NName;
  tmp = 0;
  // block ord (dp(N),dp);
  // string s is already defined
  s = "iv=";
  for (i=1; i<=Nnew-1; i++)
  {
    s = s+"1,";
  }
  s[size(s)]=";";
  execute(s);
  tmp[1] = "dp";  // string
  tmp[2] = iv;   // intvec
  Lord[1] = tmp;
  // continue with dp 1,1,1,1...
  tmp[1] = "dp";  // string
  s[size(s)] = ",";
  s = s+"1;";
  execute(s);
  kill s;
  kill NName;
  tmp[2]      = iv;
  Lord[2]     = tmp;
  tmp[1]      = "C";  iv  = 0;  tmp[2]=iv;
  Lord[3]     = tmp;  tmp = 0;
  L[3]        = Lord;
  // we are done with the list. Now add a Plural part
  def @R2@ = ring(L);
  setring @R2@;
  matrix @D[Nnew][Nnew];
  for (i=1; i<=N; i++)
  {
    @D[i,N+i]=1;
  }
  def @R2 = nc_algebra(1,@D);
  setring @R2;
  kill @R2@;
  dbprint(ppl,"//  -2-1- the ring @R2(_x,_Dx,s) is ready");
  dbprint(ppl-1, @R2);
  ideal MM = maxideal(1);
  MM = 0,s,MM;
  map R01 = @R, MM;
  ideal K = R01(K);
  // total cleanup
  ideal LD = K;
  // make leadcoeffs positive
  for (i=1; i<= ncols(LD); i++)
  {
    if (leadcoef(LD[i]) <0 )
    {
      LD[i] = -LD[i];
    }
  }
  export LD;
  kill @R;
  return(@R2);
}
example;
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,(x,y,Dx,Dy),dp;
  def R = Weyl();
  setring R;
  poly F = x2-y3;
  ideal I = Dx*F, Dy*F;
  def W = SDLoc(I,F);
  setring W;
  LD;
}

proc annRat(poly g, poly f)
"USAGE:  annRat(g,f);  f, g polynomials
RETURN:  ring
PURPOSE: compute the ideal in Weyl algebra, annihilating the rational function g*f^{-1}
NOTE:    activate the output ring with the @code{setring} command.
@*       In the output ring:
@*       - the ideal RLD (which is given in a Groebner basis) is the annihilator.
@*       If @code{printlevel}=1, progress debug messages will be printed,
@*       if @code{printlevel}>=2, all the debug messages will be printed.
EXAMPLE: example annRat; shows examples
"
{
  // computes the annihilator of g/f
  def save = basering;
  int ppl = printlevel-voice+2;
  dbprint(ppl,"// -1-[annRat] computing the ann f^s");
  def  @R1 = SannfsBM(f);
  setring @R1;
  poly f = imap(save,f);
  int i,mir;
  int isr = 0; // checkRoot1(LD,f,1); // roots are negative, have to enter positive int
  if (!isr)
  {
    // -1 is not the root
    // find the m.i.r iteratively
    mir = 0;
    for(i=nvars(save)+1; i>=1; i--)
    {
      isr =  checkRoot1(LD,f,i);
      if (isr) { mir =-i; break; }
    }
    if (mir ==0)
    {
      "No integer root found! Aborting computations, inform the authors!";
      return(0);
    }
    // now mir == i is m.i.r.
  }
  else
  {
    // -1 is the m.i.r
    mir = -1;
  }
  dbprint(ppl,"// -2-[annRat] the minimal integer root is ");
  dbprint(ppl-1, mir);
  // use annfspecial
  dbprint(ppl,"// -3-[annRat] running annfspecial ");
  ideal AF = annfspecial(LD,f,mir,-1); // ann f^{-1}
  //  LD = subst(LD,s,j);
  //  LD = engine(LD,0);
  // modify the ring: throw s away
  // output ring comes from SannfsBM
  list U = ringlist(@R1);
  list tmp; // variables
  for(i=1; i<=size(U[2])-1; i++)
  {
    tmp[i] = U[2][i];
  }
  U[2] = tmp;
  tmp = 0;
  tmp[1] = U[3][1]; // x,Dx block
  tmp[2] = U[3][3]; // module block
  U[3] = tmp;
  tmp = 0;
  tmp = U[1],U[2],U[3],U[4];
  def @R2 = ring(tmp);
  setring @R2;
  // now supply with Weyl algebra relations
  int N = nvars(@R2)/2;
  matrix @D[2*N][2*N];
  for(i=1; i<=N; i++)
  {
    @D[i,N+i]=1;
  }
  def @R3 = nc_algebra(1,@D);
  setring @R3;
  dbprint(ppl,"// - -[annRat] ring without s is ready:");
  dbprint(ppl-1,@R3);
  poly g = imap(save,g);
  matrix G[1][1] = g;
  matrix LL = matrix(imap(@R1,AF));
  kill @R1;   kill @R2;
  dbprint(ppl,"// -4-[annRat] running modulo");
  ideal RLD  = modulo(G,LL);
  dbprint(ppl,"// -4-[annRat] running GB on the final result");
  RLD  = engine(RLD,0);
  export RLD;
  return(@R3);
}
example
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,(x,y),dp;
  poly g = 2*x*y;  poly f = x^2 - y^3;
  def B = annRat(g,f);
  setring B;
  RLD;
  // Now, compare with the output of Macaulay2:
 ideal tst = 3*x*Dx + 2*y*Dy + 1, y^3*Dy^2 - x^2*Dy^2 + 6*y^2*Dy + 6*y, 9*y^2*Dx^2*Dy - 4*y*Dy^3 + 27*y*Dx^2 + 2*Dy^2, 9*y^3*Dx^2 - 4*y^2*Dy^2 + 10*y*Dy -10;
 option(redSB);
 option(redTail);
 RLD = groebner(RLD);
 tst = groebner(tst);
 print(matrix(NF(RLD,tst)));  print(matrix(NF(tst,RLD)));
}

static proc ex_annRat()
{
  // more complicated example
  ring r = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
  poly f = x3+y3+z3; // mir = -2
  poly g = x*y*z;
  def A = annRat(g,f);
  setring A;
}

proc annPoly(poly f)
"USAGE:  annPoly(f);  f a poly
RETURN:  ring
PURPOSE: compute the ideal in Weyl algebra, annihilating the polynomial f
NOTE:    activate the output ring with the @code{setring} command.
@*       In the output ring:
@*       - the ideal RLD (which is given in a Groebner basis) is the annihilator.
@*       If @code{printlevel}=1, progress debug messages will be printed,
@*       if @code{printlevel}>=2, all the debug messages will be printed.
SEE ALSO: annRat
EXAMPLE: example annPoly; shows examples
"
{
  // computes a system of linear PDEs with polynomial coeffs for f
  def save = basering;
  list L = ringlist(save);
  list Name = L[2];
  int N = nvars(save);
  int i;
  for (i=1; i<=N; i++)
  {
    Name[N+i] = "D"+Name[i]; // concat
  }
  L[2] = Name;
  def @R = ring(L);
  setring @R;
  def @@R = Weyl();
  setring @@R;
  kill @R;
  matrix M[1][N];
  for (i=1; i<=N; i++)
  {
    M[1,i] = var(N+i);
  }
  matrix F[1][1] = imap(save,f);
  ideal I = modulo(F,M);
  ideal LD = groebner(I);
  export LD;
  return(@@R);
}
example
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
  poly f = x^2*z - y^3;
  def A = annPoly(f);
  setring A;
  LD;
  gkdim(LD); // must be 3 since LD is holonomic
  NF(Dy^4, LD); // must be 0 since Dy^4 clearly annihilates f
}

static proc exCusp()
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,(x,y,Dx,Dy),dp;
  def R = Weyl();   setring R;
  poly F = x2-y3;
  ideal I = (y^3 - x^2)*Dx - 2*x, (y^3 - x^2)*Dy + 3*y^2; // I = Dx*F, Dy*F; 
  def W = SDLoc(I,F);
  setring W;
  LD;
  def U = DLoc0(LD,x2-y3);
  setring U;
  LD0;
  BS; 
  // the same with DLoc:
  setring R;
  DLoc(I,F);
}

static proc exWalther1()
{
  // p.18 Rem 3.10
  ring r = 0,(x,Dx),dp;
  def R = nc_algebra(1,1);
  setring R;
  poly F = x;
  ideal I = x*Dx+1;
  def W = SDLoc(I,F);
  setring W;
  LD;
  ideal J = LD, x;
  eliminate(J,x*Dx); // must be [1]=s // agree!
  // the same result with Dloc0:
  def U = DLoc0(LD,x);
  setring U;
  LD0;
  BS;
}

static proc exWalther2()
{
  // p.19 Rem 3.10 cont'd
  ring r = 0,(x,Dx),dp;
  def R = nc_algebra(1,1);
  setring R;
  poly F = x;
  ideal I = (x*Dx)^2+1;
  def W = SDLoc(I,F);
  setring W;
  LD;
  ideal J = LD, x;
  eliminate(J,x*Dx); // must be [1]=s^2+2*s+2 // agree!
  // the same result with Dloc0:
  def U = DLoc0(LD,x);
  setring U;
  LD0;
  BS;
  // almost the same with DLoc
  setring R;
  DLoc(I,F);
  LD0;  BS;
}

static proc exWalther3()
{
  // can check with annFs too :-)
  // p.21 Ex 3.15
  LIB "nctools.lib";
  ring r = 0,(x,y,z,w,Dx,Dy,Dz,Dw),dp;
  def R = Weyl();
  setring R;
  poly F = x2+y2+z2+w2;
  ideal I = Dx,Dy,Dz,Dw;
  def W = SDLoc(I,F);
  setring W;
  LD;
  ideal J = LD, x2+y2+z2+w2;
  eliminate(J,x*y*z*w*Dx*Dy*Dz*Dw); // must be [1]=s^2+3*s+2 // agree
  ring r2 =  0,(x,y,z,w),dp;
  poly F = x2+y2+z2+w2;
  def Z = annfs(F);
  setring Z;
  LD;
  BS;
  // the same result with Dloc0:
  setring W;
  def U = DLoc0(LD,x2+y2+z2+w2);
  setring U;
  LD0;  BS;
  // the same result with DLoc:
  setring R;
  DLoc(I,F);
  LD0;  BS;
}

proc engine(ideal I, int i)
{
  /* std - slimgb mix */
  ideal J;
  if (i==0)
  {
    J = slimgb(I);
  }
  else
  {
    // without options -> strange! (ringlist?)
    option(redSB);
    option(redTail);
    J = std(I);
  }
  return(J);
}
example
{
  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r = 0,(x,y),Dp;
  ideal I  = y*(x3-y2),x*(x3-y2);
  engine(I,0); // uses slimgb
  engine(I,1); // uses std
}