source: git/Singular/LIB/general.lib @ 82716e

spielwiese
Last change on this file since 82716e was 82716e, checked in by Hans Schönemann <hannes@…>, 26 years ago
*hannes: typos in the info-help-string git-svn-id: file:///usr/local/Singular/svn/trunk@1773 2c84dea3-7e68-4137-9b89-c4e89433aadc
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RevLine 
[82716e]1// $Id: general.lib,v 1.8 1998-05-14 18:45:03 Singular Exp $
[3d124a7]2//system("random",787422842);
3//(GMG, last modified 22.06.96)
4///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
5
[82716e]6version="$Id: general.lib,v 1.8 1998-05-14 18:45:03 Singular Exp $";
[5480da]7info="
[3d124a7]8LIBRARY:  general.lib   PROCEDURES OF GENERAL TYPE
9
[5480da]10 A_Z(\"a\",n);            string a,b,... of n comma seperated letters
[3d124a7]11 binomial(n,m[,../..]); n choose m (type int), [type string/type number]
12 factorial(n[,../..]);  n factorial (=n!) (type int), [type string/number]
13 fibonacci(n[,p]);      nth Fibonacci number [char p]
14 kmemory();             int = active memory (kilobyte)
15 killall();             kill all user-defined variables
16 number_e(n);           compute exp(1) up to n decimal digits
17 number_pi(n);          compute pi (area of unit circle) up to n digits
18 primes(n,m);           intvec of primes p, n<=p<=m
19 product(../..[,v]);    multiply components of vector/ideal/...[indices v]
20 ringweights(r);        intvec of weights of ring variables of ring r
21 sort(ideal/module);    sort generators according to monomial ordering
22 sum(vector/id/..[,v]); add components of vector/ideal/...[with indices v]
[82716e]23 which(command);        searches for command and returns absolute
[6f2edc]24                        path, if found
[194f5e5]25           (parameters in square brackets [] are optional)
[5480da]26";
27
[3d124a7]28LIB "inout.lib";
29///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
30
31proc A_Z (string s,int n)
[d2b2a7]32"USAGE:   A_Z(\"a\",n);  a any letter, n integer (-26<= n <=26, !=0)
[3d124a7]33RETURN:  string of n small (if a is small) or capital (if a is capital)
34         letters, comma seperated, beginning with a, in alphabetical
35         order (or revers alphabetical order if n<0)
36EXAMPLE: example A_Z; shows an example
[d2b2a7]37"
[3d124a7]38{
39  if ( n>=-26 and n<=26 and n!=0 )
40  {
41    string alpha =
42    "a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,"+
43    "a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,"+
44    "A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z,"+
45    "A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z";
46    int ii; int aa;
47    for(ii=1; ii<=51; ii=ii+2)
48    {
49       if( alpha[ii]==s ) { aa=ii; }
50    }
51    if ( aa==0)
52    {
53      for(ii=105; ii<=155; ii=ii+2)
54      {
55        if( alpha[ii]==s ) { aa=ii; }
56      }
57    }
58    if( aa!=0 )
59    {
60      string out;
61      if (n > 0) { out = alpha[aa,2*(n)-1];  return (out); }
62      if (n < 0)
63      {
64        string beta =
65        "z,y,x,w,v,u,t,s,r,q,p,o,n,m,l,k,j,i,h,g,f,e,d,c,b,a,"+
66        "z,y,x,w,v,u,t,s,r,q,p,o,n,m,l,k,j,i,h,g,f,e,d,c,b,a,"+
67        "Z,Y,X,W,V,U,T,S,R,Q,P,O,N,M,L,K,J,I,H,G,F,E,D,C,B,A,"+
68        "Z,Y,X,W,V,U,T,S,R,Q,P,O,N,M,L,K,J,I,H,G,F,E,D,C,B,A";
69        if ( aa < 52 ) { aa=52-aa; }
70        if ( aa > 104 ) { aa=260-aa; }
71        out = beta[aa,2*(-n)-1]; return (out);
72      }
73    }
74  }
75}
76example
77{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
78   A_Z("c",5);
79   A_Z("Z",-5);
80   string sR = "ring R = (0,"+A_Z("A",6)+"),("+A_Z("a",10)+"),dp;";
81   sR;
82   execute sR;
83   R;
84}
85///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
86
87proc binomial (int n, int k, list #)
[d2b2a7]88"USAGE:   binomial(n,k[,p/s]); n,k,p integers, s string
[3d124a7]89RETURN:  binomial(n,k);    binomial coefficient n choose k of type int
90                           (machine integer, limited size! )
91         binomial(n,k,p);  n choose k in char p of type string
92         binomial(n,k,s);  n choose k of type number (s any string), computed
93                           in char of basering if a basering is defined
94EXAMPLE: example binomial; shows an example
[d2b2a7]95"
[3d124a7]96{
97   if ( size(#)==0 ) { int rr=1; }
98   if ( typeof(#[1])=="int") { ring bin = #[1],x,dp; number rr=1; }
99   if ( typeof(#[1])=="string") { number rr=1; }
100   if ( size(#)==0 or typeof(#[1])=="int" or typeof(#[1])=="string" )
101   {
102      def r = rr;
103      if ( k<=0 or k>n ) { return((k==0)*r); }
104      if ( k>n-k ) { k = n-k; }
105      int l;
106      for (l=1; l<=k; l=l+1 )
107      {
108         r=r*(n+1-l)/l;
109      }
110      if ( typeof(#[1])=="int" ) { return(string(r)); }
111      return(r);
112   }
113}
114example
115{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
116   int b1 = binomial(10,7); b1;
117   binomial(37,17,0);
118   ring t = 31,x,dp;
119   number b2 = binomial(37,17,""); b2;
120}
121///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
122
123proc factorial (int n, list #)
[d2b2a7]124"USAGE:   factorial(n[,string]);  n integer
[3d124a7]125RETURN:  factorial(n); string of n! in char 0
126         factorial(n,s);  n! of type number (s any string), computed in char of
127         basering if a basering is defined
128EXAMPLE: example factorial; shows an example
[d2b2a7]129"
[3d124a7]130{
131   if ( size(#)==0 ) { ring R = 0,x,dp; poly r=1; }
132   if ( typeof(#[1])=="string" ) { number r=1; }
133   if ( size(#)==0 or typeof(#[1])=="string" )
134   {
135      int l;
136      for (l=2; l<=n; l=l+1)
137      {
138         r=r*l;
139      }
140      if ( size(#)==0 ) { return(string(r)); }
141      return(r);
142   }
143}
144example
145{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
146   factorial(37);
147   ring r1 = 32003,(x,y,z),ds;
148   number p = factorial(37,""); p;
149}
150///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
151
152proc fibonacci (int n, list #)
[d2b2a7]153"USAGE:   fibonacci(n[,string]);  (n integer)
[3d124a7]154RETURN:  fibonacci(n); string of nth Fibonacci number,
155            f(0)=f(1)=1, f(i+1)=f(i-1)+f(i)
156         fibonacci(n,s);  nth Fibonacci number of type number (s any string),
157         computed in characteristic of basering if a basering is defined
158EXAMPLE: example fibonacci; shows an example
[d2b2a7]159"
[3d124a7]160{
161   if ( size(#)==0 ) { ring fibo = 0,x,dp; number f=1; }
162   if ( typeof(#[1])=="string" ) { number f=1; }
163   if ( size(#)==0 or typeof(#[1])=="string" )
164   {
165      number g,h = 1,1; int ii;
166      for (ii=3; ii<=n; ii=ii+1)
167      {
168         h = f+g; f = g; g = h;
169      }
170      if ( size(#)==0 ) { return(string(h)); }
171      return(h);
172   }
173}
174example
175{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
176   fibonacci(37);
177   ring r = 17,x,dp;
178   number b = fibonacci(37,""); b;
179}
180///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
181
182proc kmemory ()
[d2b2a7]183"USAGE:   kmemory();
[3d124a7]184RETURN:  memory used by active variables, of type int (in kilobyte)
185EXAMPLE: example kmemory; shows an example
[d2b2a7]186"
[3d124a7]187{
188  if ( voice==2 ) { "// memory used by active variables (kilobyte):"; }
189   return ((memory(0)+1023)/1024);
190}
191example
192{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
193   kmemory();
194}
195///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
196
197proc killall
[d2b2a7]198"USAGE:   killall(); (no parameter)
199         killall(\"type_name\");
200         killall(\"not\", \"type_name\");
[3d124a7]201COMPUTE: killall(); kills all user-defined variables but not loaded procedures
[82716e]202         killall(\"type_name\"); kills all user-defined variables, of type \"type_name\"
[d2b2a7]203         killall(\"not\", \"type_name\"); kills all user-defined
204         variables, except those of type \"type_name\" and except loaded procedures
[3d124a7]205RETURN:  no return value
206NOTE:    killall should never be used inside a procedure
207EXAMPLE: example killall; shows an example AND KILLS ALL YOUR VARIABLES
[d2b2a7]208"
[3d124a7]209{
210   list L=names(); int joni=size(L);
211   if( size(#)==0 )
212   {
213      for ( ; joni>0; joni-- )
214      {
215         if( L[joni]!="LIB" and typeof(`L[joni]`)!="proc" ) { kill `L[joni]`; }
216      }
217   }
[82716e]218   else
[3d124a7]219   {
[6f2edc]220     if( size(#)==1 )
221     {
222       if( #[1] == "proc" )
223       {
224          for ( joni=size(L); joni>0; joni-- )
225          {
[82716e]226             if( L[joni]=="LIB" or typeof(`L[joni]`)=="proc" )
[6f2edc]227               { kill `L[joni]`; }
228          }
229       }
[82716e]230       else
[6f2edc]231       {
232          for ( ; joni>2; joni-- )
233          {
234            if(typeof(`L[joni]`)==#[1] and L[joni]!="LIB" and typeof(`L[joni]`)!="proc") { kill `L[joni]`; }
235          }
236        }
237     }
238     else
239     {
240        for ( ; joni>2; joni-- )
241        {
242          if(typeof(`L[joni]`)!=#[2] and L[joni]!="LIB" and typeof(`L[joni]`)!="proc") { kill `L[joni]`; }
243        }
244     }
245  }
246  return();
[3d124a7]247}
248example
249{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
[6f2edc]250   ring rtest; ideal i=x,y,z; number n=37; string str="hi"; int j = 3;
251   export rtest,i,n,str,j;     //this makes the local variables global
[3d124a7]252   listvar(all);
[6f2edc]253   killall("string"); // kills all string variables
254   listvar(all);
255   killall("not", "int"); // kills all variables except int's (and procs)
256   listvar(all);
257   killall(); // kills all vars except loaded procs
[3d124a7]258   listvar(all);
259}
260///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
261
262proc number_e (int n)
[d2b2a7]263"USAGE:   number_e(n);  n integer
[3d124a7]264COMPUTE: exp(1) up to n decimal digits (no rounding)
265         by A.H.J. Sale's algorithm
266RETURN:  - string of exp(1) if no basering of char 0 is defined;
267         - exp(1), of type number, if a basering of char 0 is defined and
268         display its decimal format
269EXAMPLE: example number_e; shows an example
[d2b2a7]270"
[3d124a7]271{
272   int i,m,s,t;
273   intvec u,e;
274   u[n+2]=0; e[n+1]=0; e=e+1;
275   if( defined(basering) )
276   {
277      if( char(basering)==0 ) { number r=2; t=1; }
278   }
279   string result = "2.";
280   for( i=1; i<=n+1; i=i+1 )
281   {
282      e = e*10;
283      for( m=n+1; m>=1; m=m-1 )
284      {
285         s    = e[m]+u[m+1];
[18dd47]286         u[m] = s div (m+1);
[3d124a7]287         e[m] = s%(m+1);
288      }
289      result = result+string(u[1]);
290      if( t==1 ) { r = r+number(u[1])/number(10)^i; }
291   }
292   if( t==1 ) { "//",result[1,n+1]; return(r); }
293   return(result[1,n+1]);
294}
295example
296{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
297   number_e(15);
298   ring R = 0,t,lp;
299   number e = number_e(10);
300   e;
301}
302///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
303
304proc number_pi (int n)
[d2b2a7]305"USAGE:   number_pi(n);  n positive integer
[3d124a7]306COMPUTE: pi (area of unit circle) up to n decimal digits (no rounding)
307         by algorithm of S. Rabinowitz
308RETURN:  - string of pi if no basering of char 0 is defined,
309         - pi, of type number, if a basering of char 0 is defined and display
310         its decimal format
311EXAMPLE: example number_pi; shows an example
[d2b2a7]312"
[3d124a7]313{
314   int i,m,t,e,q,N;
315   intvec r,p,B,Prelim;
316   string result,prelim;
[18dd47]317   N = (10*n) div 3 + 2;
[3d124a7]318   p[N+1]=0; p=p+2; r=p;
319   for( i=1; i<=N+1; i=i+1 ) { B[i]=2*i-1; }
320   if( defined(basering) )
321   {
322      if( char(basering)==0 ) { number pi; number pri; t=1; }
323   }
324   for( i=0; i<=n; i=i+1 )
325   {
326      p = r*10;
327      e = p[N+1];
328      for( m=N+1; m>=2; m=m-1 )
329      {
330         r[m] = e%B[m];
[18dd47]331         q    = e div B[m];
[3d124a7]332         e    = q*(m-1)+p[m-1];
333      }
334      r[1] = e%10;
[18dd47]335      q    = e div 10;
[3d124a7]336      if( q!=10 and q!=9 )
337      {
338         result = result+prelim;
339         Prelim = q;
340         prelim = string(q);
341      }
342      if( q==9 )
343      {
344         Prelim = Prelim,9;
345         prelim = prelim+"9";
346      }
347      if( q==10 )
348      {
[18dd47]349         Prelim = (Prelim+1)-((Prelim+1) div 10)*10;
[3d124a7]350         for( m=size(Prelim); m>0; m=m-1)
351         {
352            prelim[m] = string(Prelim[m]);
353         }
354         result = result+prelim;
355         if( t==1 ) { pi=pi+pri; }
356         Prelim = 0;
357         prelim = "0";
358      }
359      if( t==1 ) { pi=pi+number(q)/number(10)^i; }
360   }
361   result = result,prelim[1];
362   result = "3."+result[2,n-1];
363   if( t==1 ) { "//",result; return(pi); }
364   return(result);
365}
366example
367{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
368   number_pi(5);
369   ring r = 0,t,lp;
370   number pi = number_pi(6);
371   pi;
372}
373///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
374
375proc primes (int n, int m)
[d2b2a7]376"USAGE:   primes(n,m);  n,m integers
[3d124a7]377RETURN:  intvec, consisting of all primes p, prime(n)<=p<=m, in increasing
378         order if n<=m, resp. prime(m)<=p<=n, in decreasing order if m<n
379NOTE:    prime(n); returns the biggest prime number <= n (if n>=2, else 2)
380EXAMPLE: example primes; shows an example
[d2b2a7]381"
[3d124a7]382{  int change;
383   if ( n>m ) { change=n; n=m ; m=change; change=1; }
384   int q,p = prime(m),prime(n); intvec v = q; q = q-1;
385   while ( q>=p ) { q = prime(q); v = q,v; q = q-1; }
386   if ( change==1 ) { v = v[size(v)..1]; }
387   return(v);
388}
389example
390{  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
391   primes(50,100);
392   intvec v = primes(37,1); v;
393}
394///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
395
396proc product (id, list #)
[d2b2a7]397"USAGE:    product(id[,v]); id=ideal/vector/module/matrix
[3d124a7]398          resp.id=intvec/intmat, v=intvec (e.g. v=1..n, n=integer)
399RETURN:   poly resp. int which is the product of all entries of id, with index
400          given by v (default: v=1..number of entries of id)
401NOTE:     id is treated as a list of polys resp. integers. A module m is
402          identified with corresponding matrix M (columns of M generate m)
403EXAMPLE:  example product; shows an example
[d2b2a7]404"
[3d124a7]405{
406   int n,j;
407   if( typeof(id)=="poly" or typeof(id)=="ideal" or typeof(id)=="vector"
408       or typeof(id)=="module" or typeof(id)=="matrix" )
409   {
410      ideal i = ideal(matrix(id));
411      if( size(#)!=0 ) { i = i[#[1]]; }
412      n = ncols(i); poly f=1;
413   }
414   if( typeof(id)=="int" or typeof(id)=="intvec" or typeof(id)=="intmat" )
415   {
416      if ( typeof(id) == "int" ) { intmat S =id; }
417      else { intmat S = intmat(id); }
418      intvec i = S[1..nrows(S),1..ncols(S)];
419      if( size(#)!=0 ) { i = i[#[1]]; }
420      n = size(i); int f=1;
421   }
422   for( j=1; j<=n; j=j+1 ) { f=f*i[j]; }
423   return(f);
424}
425example
426{  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
427   ring r= 0,(x,y,z),dp;
428   ideal m = maxideal(1);
429   product(m);
430   matrix M[2][3] = 1,x,2,y,3,z;
431   product(M);
432   intvec v=2,4,6;
433   product(M,v);
434   intvec iv = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9;
435   v=1..5,7,9;
436   product(iv,v);
437   intmat A[2][3] = 1,1,1,2,2,2;
438   product(A,3..5);
439}
440///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
441
442proc ringweights (r)
[d2b2a7]443"USAGE:   ringweights(r); r ring
[3d124a7]444RETURN:  intvec of weights of ring variables. If, say, x(1),...,x(n) are the
445         variables of the ring r, in this order, the resulting intvec is
446         deg(x(1)),...,deg(x(n)) where deg denotes the weighted degree if
447         the monomial ordering of r has only one block of type ws,Ws,wp or Wp.
448NOTE:    In all other cases, in particular if there is more than one block,
449         the resulting intvec is 1,...,1
450EXAMPLE: example ringweights; shows an example
[d2b2a7]451"
[3d124a7]452{
453   int i; intvec v; setring r;
454   for (i=1; i<=nvars(basering); i=i+1) { v[i] = deg(var(i)); }
455   return(v);
456}
457example
458{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
459   ring r1=32003,(x,y,z),wp(1,2,3);
460   ring r2=32003,(x,y,z),Ws(1,2,3);
461   ring r=0,(x,y,u,v),lp;
462   intvec vr=ringweights(r1); vr;
463   ringweights(r2);
464   ringweights(r);
465}
466///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
467
468proc sort (id, list #)
[d2b2a7]469"USAGE:   sort(id[v,o,n]); id=ideal/module/intvec/list (of intvec's or int's)
[3d124a7]470         sort may be called with 1, 2 or 3 arguments in the following way:
471         -  sort(id[v,n]); v=intvec, n=integer,
472         -  sort(id[o,n]); o=string (any allowed ordstr of a ring), n=integer
473RETURN:  a list of two elements:
474         [1]: object of same type as input but sorted in the following manner:
475           - if id=ideal/module: generators of id are sorted w.r.t. intvec v
476             (id[v[1]] becomes 1-st, id[v[2]]  2-nd element, etc.). If no v is
477             present, id is sorted w.r.t. ordering o (if o is given) or w.r.t.
478             actual monomial ordering (if no o is given):
479                    generators with smaller leading term come first
480             (e.g. sort(id); sorts w.r.t actual monomial ordering)
481           - if id=list of intvec's or int's: consider a list element, say
482             id[1]=3,2,5, as exponent vector of the monomial x^3*y^2*z^5;
483             the corresponding monomials are ordered w.r.t. intvec v (s.a.).
484             If no v is present, the monomials are sorted w.r.t. ordering o
485             (if o is given) or w.r.t. lexicographical ordering (if no o is
486             given). The corresponding ordered list of exponent vectors is
487             returned.
488             (e.g. sort(id); sorts lexicographically, smaller int's come first)
489             WARNING: Since negative exponents create the 0 plynomial in
490             Singular, id should not contain negative integers: the result might
491             not be as exspected
492           - if id=intvec: id is treated as list of integers
493           - if n!=0 the ordering is inverse, i.e. w.r.t. v(size(v)..1)
494             default: n=0
495         [2]: intvec, describing the permutation of the input (hence [2]=v if
496             v is given)
497NOTE:    If v is given, id may be any simply indexed object (e.g. any list);
498         entries of v must be pairwise distinct to get a permutation if id.
499         Zero generators of ideal/module are deleted
500EXAMPLE: example sort; shows an example
[d2b2a7]501"
[3d124a7]502{
503   int ii,jj,s,n = 0,0,1,0;
504   intvec v;
505   if ( defined(basering) ) { def P = basering; }
506   if ( size(#)==0 and (typeof(id)=="ideal" or typeof(id)=="module") )
507   {
508      id = simplify(id,2);
509      for ( ii=1; ii<size(id); ii++ )
510      {
511         if ( id[ii]!=id[ii+1] ) { break;}
512      }
513      if ( ii != size(id) ) { v = sortvec(id); }
514      else  { v = size(id)..1; }
515      if ( v == 0 ) { v = 1; }
516   }
517   if ( size(#)>=1 and (typeof(id)=="ideal" or typeof(id)=="module") )
518   {
519      if ( typeof(#[1])=="string" )
520      {
521         execute "ring r1 =("+charstr(P)+"),("+varstr(P)+"),("+#[1]+");";
522         def i = imap(P,id);
523         v = sortvec(i);
524         setring P;
525         n=2;
526      }
527   }
528   if ( typeof(id)=="intvec" or typeof(id)=="list" and n==0 )
529   {
530      string o;
531      if ( size(#)==0 ) { o = "lp"; n=1; }
532      if ( size(#)>=1 )
533      {
534         if ( typeof(#[1])=="string" ) { o = #[1]; n=1; }
535      }
536   }
537   if ( typeof(id)=="intvec" or typeof(id)=="list" and n==1 )
538   {
539      if ( typeof(id)=="list" )
540      {
541         for (ii=1; ii<=size(id); ii++)
542         {
543            if (typeof(id[ii]) != "intvec" and typeof(id[ii]) != "int")
544               { "// list elements must be intvec/int"; return(); }
545            else
546               { s=size(id[ii])*(s < size(id[ii])) + s*(s >= size(id[ii])); }
547         }
548      }
549      execute "ring r=0,x(1..s),("+o+");";
550      ideal i;
551      poly f;
552      for (ii=1; ii<=size(id); ii++)
553      {
554         f=1;
555         for (jj=1; jj<=size(id[ii]); jj++)
556         {
557            f=f*x(jj)^(id[ii])[jj];
558         }
559         i[ii]=f;
560      }
561      v = sort(i)[2];
562   }
563   if ( size(#)!=0 and n==0 ) { v = #[1]; }
564   if( size(#)==2 )
565   {
566      if ( #[2] != 0 ) { v = v[size(v)..1]; }
567   }
568   s = size(v);
569   def m = id;
570   for ( jj=1; jj<=s; jj=jj+1) { m[jj] = id[v[jj]]; }
571   list L=m,v;
572   return(L);
573}
574example
575{  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
576   ring r0 = 0,(x,y,z),lp;
577   ideal i = x3,y3,z3,x2z,x2y,y2z,y2x,z2y,z2x,xyz;
578   show(sort(i));"";
579   show(sort(i,"wp(1,2,3)"));"";
580   intvec v=10..1;
581   show(sort(i,v));"";
582   show(sort(i,v,1));"";   // should be the identity
583   ring r1  = 0,t,ls;
584   ideal j = t14,t6,t28,t20,t12,t34,t26,t18,t40,t32,t24,t38,t30,t36;
585   show(sort(j)[1]);"";
586   show(sort(j,"lp")[1]);"";
587   list L =1,5..8,10,2,8..5,8,3..10;
588   sort(L)[1];"";          // sort L lexicographically
589   sort(L,"Dp",1)[1];      // sort L w.r.t (total sum, reverse lex)
590}
591///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
592
593proc sum (id, list #)
[d2b2a7]594"USAGE:    sum(id[,v]); id=ideal/vector/module/matrix resp. id=intvec/intmat,
[3d124a7]595                       v=intvec (e.g. v=1..n, n=integer)
596RETURN:   poly resp. int which is the sum of all entries of id, with index
597          given by v (default: v=1..number of entries of id)
598NOTE:     id is treated as a list of polys resp. integers. A module m is
599          identified with corresponding matrix M (columns of M generate m)
600EXAMPLE:  example sum; shows an example
[d2b2a7]601"
[3d124a7]602{
603   if( typeof(id)=="poly" or typeof(id)=="ideal" or typeof(id)=="vector"
604       or typeof(id)=="module" or typeof(id)=="matrix" )
605   {
606      ideal i = ideal(matrix(id));
607      if( size(#)!=0 ) { i = i[#[1]]; }
608      matrix Z = matrix(i);
609   }
610   if( typeof(id)=="int" or typeof(id)=="intvec" or typeof(id)=="intmat" )
611   {
612      if ( typeof(id) == "int" ) { intmat S =id; }
613      else { intmat S = intmat(id); }
614      intvec i = S[1..nrows(S),1..ncols(S)];
615      if( size(#)!=0 ) { i = i[#[1]]; }
616      intmat Z=transpose(i);
617   }
618   intvec v; v[ncols(Z)]=0; v=v+1;
619   return((Z*v)[1,1]);
620}
621example
622{  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
623   ring r= 0,(x,y,z),dp;
624   vector pv = [xy,xz,yz,x2,y2,z2];
625   sum(pv);
626   //sum(pv,2..5);
627   //matrix M[2][3] = 1,x,2,y,3,z;
628   //sum(M);
629   //intvec w=2,4,6;
630   //sum(M,w);
631   //intvec iv = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9;
632   //w=1..5,7,9;
633   //sum(iv,w);
634   //intmat m[2][3] = 1,1,1,2,2,2;
635   //sum(m,3..4);
636}
637///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
[6f2edc]638
639proc which (command)
[d2b2a7]640"USAGE:    which(command); command = string expression
[6f2edc]641RETURN:   Absolute pathname of command, if found in search path.
642          Empty string, otherwise.
643NOTE:     Based on the Unix command 'which'.
644EXAMPLE:  example which; shows an example
[d2b2a7]645"
[6f2edc]646{
647   int rs;
648   int i;
649   string fn = "/tmp/which_" + string(system("pid"));
650   string pn;
[82716e]651   if( typeof(command) != "string")
[6f2edc]652   {
[82716e]653     return (pn);
[6f2edc]654   }
655   i = system("sh", "which " + command + " > " + fn);
656   pn = read(fn);
657   pn[size(pn)] = "";
658   i = 1;
659   while ((pn[i] != " ") and (pn[i] != ""))
660   {
661     i = i+1;
662   }
663   if (pn[i] == " ") {pn[i] = "";}
664   rs = system("sh", "ls " + pn + " > " + fn + " 2>&1 ");
665   i = system("sh", "rm " + fn);
666   if (rs == 0) {return (pn);}
[82716e]667   else
[6f2edc]668   {
669     print (command + " not found ");
670     return ("");
671   }
672}
673example
674{  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
675    which("Singular");
676}
677///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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