source: git/Singular/LIB/general.lib @ 7bb71fa

// $Id: general.lib,v 1.27 2000-05-12 12:25:47 Singular Exp $
//GMG, last modified 18.6.99
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

version="$Id: general.lib,v 1.27 2000-05-12 12:25:47 Singular Exp $";
info="
LIBRARY:  general.lib   PROCEDURES OF GENERAL TYPE

PROCEDURES:
 A_Z(\"a\",n);          string a,b,... of n comma separated letters
 ASCII([n,m]);          string of printable ASCII characters (number n to m)
 binomial(n,m[,../..]); n choose m (type int), [type string/type number]
 factorial(n[,../..]);  n factorial (=n!) (type int), [type string/number]
 fibonacci(n[,p]);      nth Fibonacci number [char p]
 kmemory([n[,v]]);      active [allocated] memory in kilobyte
 killall();             kill all user-defined variables
 number_e(n);           compute exp(1) up to n decimal digits
 number_pi(n);          compute pi (area of unit circle) up to n digits
 primes(n,m);           intvec of primes p, n<=p<=m
 product(../..[,v]);    multiply components of vector/ideal/...[indices v]
 ringweights(r);        intvec of weights of ring variables of ring r
 sort(ideal/module);    sort generators according to monomial ordering
 sum(vector/id/..[,v]); add components of vector/ideal/...[with indices v]
 which(command);        search for command and return absolute path, if found
           (parameters in square brackets [] are optional)
";

LIB "inout.lib";
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc A_Z (string s,int n)
"USAGE:   A_Z(\"a\",n);  a any letter, n integer (-26<= n <=26, !=0)
RETURN:  string of n small (if a is small) or capital (if a is capital)
         letters, comma separated, beginning with a, in alphabetical
         order (or revers alphabetical order if n<0)
EXAMPLE: example A_Z; shows an example
"
{
  if ( n>=-26 and n<=26 and n!=0 )
  {
    string alpha =
    "a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,"+
    "a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,"+
    "A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z,"+
    "A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z";
    int ii; int aa;
    for(ii=1; ii<=51; ii=ii+2)
    {
       if( alpha[ii]==s ) { aa=ii; }
    }
    if ( aa==0)
    {
      for(ii=105; ii<=155; ii=ii+2)
      {
        if( alpha[ii]==s ) { aa=ii; }
      }
    }
    if( aa!=0 )
    {
      string out;
      if (n > 0) { out = alpha[aa,2*(n)-1];  return (out); }
      if (n < 0)
      {
        string beta =
        "z,y,x,w,v,u,t,s,r,q,p,o,n,m,l,k,j,i,h,g,f,e,d,c,b,a,"+
        "z,y,x,w,v,u,t,s,r,q,p,o,n,m,l,k,j,i,h,g,f,e,d,c,b,a,"+
        "Z,Y,X,W,V,U,T,S,R,Q,P,O,N,M,L,K,J,I,H,G,F,E,D,C,B,A,"+
        "Z,Y,X,W,V,U,T,S,R,Q,P,O,N,M,L,K,J,I,H,G,F,E,D,C,B,A";
        if ( aa < 52 ) { aa=52-aa; }
        if ( aa > 104 ) { aa=260-aa; }
        out = beta[aa,2*(-n)-1]; return (out);
      }
    }
  }
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   A_Z("c",5);
   A_Z("Z",-5);
   string sR = "ring R = (0,"+A_Z("A",6)+"),("+A_Z("a",10)+"),dp;";
   sR;
   execute(sR);
   R;
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
proc ASCII (list #)
"USAGE:   ASCII([n,m]); n,m= integers (32 <= n <= m <= 126)
RETURN:   printable ASCII characters (no native language support)
          ASCII():    string of  all ASCII characters with its numbers,
                      no return value
          ASCII(n):   string, n-th ASCII character
          ASCII(n,m): list, n-th up to m-th ASCII character (inclusive)
EXAMPLE: example ASCII; shows an example
"
{
  string s1 =
 "     !    \"    #    $    %    &    '    (    )    *    +    ,    -    .
32   33   34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44   45   46
/    0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9    :    ;    <    =
47   48   49   50   51   52   53   54   55   56   57   58   59   60   61
>    ?    @    A    B    C    D    E    F    G    H    I    J    K    L
62   63   64   65   66   67   68   69   70   71   72   73   74   75   76
M    N    O    P    Q    R    S    T    U    V    W    X    Y    Z    [
77   78   79   80   81   82   83   84   85   86   87   88   89   90   91
\\    ]    ^    _    `    a    b    c    d    e    f    g    h    i    j
92   93   94   95   96   97   98   99  100  101  102  103  104  105  10
k    l    m    n    o    p    q    r    s    t    u    v    w    x    y
107  108  109  110  111  112  113  114  115  116  117  118  119  120  121
z    {    |    }    ~
122  123  124  125  126 ";

   string s2 =
 " !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~";

   if ( size(#) == 0 )
   {
      return(s1);
   }
   if ( size(#) == 1 )
   {
      return( s2[#[1]-31] );
   }
   if ( size(#) == 2 )
   {
      return( s2[#[1]-31,#[2]-#[1]+1] );
   }
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ASCII();"";
   ASCII(42);
   ASCII(32,126);
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc binomial (int n, int k, list #)
"USAGE:   binomial(n,k[,p]); n,k,p integers
RETURN:  binomial(n,k); binomial coefficient n choose k,
@*         - of type string (computed in characteristic 0)
         binomial(n,k,p); n choose k, computed in characteristic prime(p)
@*         - of type number if a basering is present and prime(p)=char(basering)
@*         - of type string else
NOTE:    In any characteristic, binomial(n,k) = coefficient of x^k in (1+x)^n
EXAMPLE: example binomial; shows an example
"
{
   int str,p;
//---------------------------- initialization -------------------------------
   if ( size(#) == 0 )
   {  str = 1;
      ring bin = 0,x,dp;
      number r=1;
   }
   if ( size(#) > 0 )
   {
      p = (#[1]!=0)*prime(#[1]);
      if ( defined(basering) )
      {
         if ( p == char(basering) )
         {  number r=1;
         }
         else
         {  str = 1;
            ring bin = p,x,dp;
            number r=1;
         }
      }
      else
      {  str = 1;
         ring bin = p,x,dp;
         number r=1;
      }
   }
//-------------------------------- char 0 -----------------------------------
   if ( p==0 )
   {
      r = binom0(n,k);
   }
//-------------------------------- char p -----------------------------------
   else
   {
      r = binomp(n,k,p);
   }
//-------------------------------- return -----------------------------------
   if ( str==1 ) { return(string(r)); }
   else { return(r); }
 }
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   binomial(200,100);"";                   //type string, computed in char 0
   binomial(200,100,3);"";                 //type string, computed in char 3
   int n,k = 200,100;
   ring r = 0,x,dp;
   number b1 = binomial(n,k,0);            //type number, computed in ring r
   poly b2 = coeffs((x+1)^n,x)[k+1,1];     //coefficient of x^k in (x+1)^n
   b1-b2;                                  //b1 and b2 should coincide
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static proc binom0 (int n, int k)
 //computes binomial coefficient n choose k in basering, assume 0<k<=n
 //and char(basering) = 0 or n < char(basering)
{
   int l;
   number r=1;
   if ( k > n-k )
   { k = n-k;
   }
   if ( k<=0 or k>n )               //trivial cases
   { r = (k==0)*r;
   }
   for (l=1; l<=k; l++ )
   {
      r=r*(n+1-l)/l;
   }
   return(r);
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static proc binomp (int n, int k, int p)
 //computes binomial coefficient n choose k in basering of char p > 0
 //binomial(n,k) = coefficient of x^k in (1+x)^n.
 //Let n=q*p^j, gcd(q,p)=1, then (1+x)^n = (1 + x^(p^j))^q. We have
 //binomial(n,k)=0 if k!=l*p^j and binomial(n,l*p^j) = binomial(q,l).
 //Do this reduction first. Then, in denominator and numerator
 //of defining formula for binomial coefficient, reduce those factors
 //mod p which are not divisible by p and cancel common factors p. Hence,
 //if n = h*p+r, k=l*p+s, r,s<p, binomial(n,k) = binomial(r,s)*binomial(h,l)
{
   int l,q,i= 1,n,1;
   number r=1;
   if ( k > n-k )
   { k = n-k;
   }
   if ( k<=0 or k>n)               //trivial cases
   { r = (k==0)*r;
   }
   else
   {
      while ( q mod p == 0 )
      {  l = l*p;
         q = q div p;
      }                            //we have now n=q*l, l=p^j, gcd(q,p)=1;
      if (k mod l != 0 )
      { r = 0;
      }
      else
      {  l = k div l;
         n = q mod p;
         k = l mod p;              //now 0<= k,n <p, use binom0 for n,k
         q = q div p;              //recursion for q,l
         l = l div p;              //use binomp for q,l
         r = binom0(n,k)*binomp(q,l,p);
      }
   }
   return(r);
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc factorial (int n, list #)
"USAGE:   factorial(n[,p]);  n,p integers
RETURN:  factorial(n):   n! (computed in characteristic 0), of type string
         factorial(n,p): n! computed in characteristic prime(p)
         - of type number if a basering is present and prime(p)=char(basering)
         - of type string else
EXAMPLE: example factorial; shows an example
"
{   int str,l,p;
//---------------------------- initialization -------------------------------
   if ( size(#) == 0 )
   {  str = 1;
      ring bin = 0,x,dp;
      number r=1;
   }
   if ( size(#) > 0 )
   {
      p = (#[1]!=0)*prime(#[1]);
      if ( defined(basering) )
      {
         if ( p == char(basering) )
         {  number r=1;
         }
         else
         {  str = 1;
            ring bin = p,x,dp;
            number r=1;
         }
      }
      else
      {  str = 1;
         ring bin = p,x,dp;
         number r=1;
      }
   }
//------------------------------ computation --------------------------------
   for (l=2; l<=n; l++)
   {
      r=r*l;
   }
   if ( str==1 ) { return(string(r)); }
   else { return(r); }
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   factorial(37);"";                   //37! of type string (as long integer)
   ring r1 = 0,x,dp;
   number p = factorial(37,0);         //37! of type number, computed in r
   p;
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc fibonacci (int n, list #)
"USAGE:   fibonacci(n);  n,p integers
RETURN:  fibonacci(n): nth Fibonacci number, f(0)=f(1)=1, f(i+1)=f(i-1)+f(i)
         - computed in characteristic 0, of type string
         of type number computed in char(basering) if n is of type number
         fibonacci(n,p): f(n) computed in characteristic prime(p)
         - of type number if a basering is present and prime(p)=char(basering)
         - of type string else
EXAMPLE: example fibonacci; shows an example
"
{   int str,ii,p;
//---------------------------- initialization -------------------------------
   if ( size(#) == 0 )
   {  str = 1;
      ring bin = 0,x,dp;
      number f,g,h=1,1,1;
   }
   if ( size(#) > 0 )
   {
      p = (#[1]!=0)*prime(#[1]);
      if ( defined(basering) )
      {
         if ( p == char(basering) )
         {  number f,g,h=1,1,1;
         }
         else
         {  str = 1;
            ring bin = p,x,dp;
            number f,g,h=1,1,1;
         }
      }
      else
      {  str = 1;
         ring bin = p,x,dp;
         number f,g,h=1,1,1;
      }
   }
//------------------------------ computation --------------------------------
   for (ii=3; ii<=n; ii=ii+1)
   {
      h = f+g; f = g; g = h;
    }
   if ( str==1 ) { return(string(h)); }
   else { return(h); }
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   fibonacci(333); "";              //f(333) of type string (as long integer)
   ring r = 17,x,dp;
   number b = fibonacci(333,17);    //f(333) of type number, computed in r
   b;
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc kmemory (list #)
"USAGE:   kmemory([n,[v]]); n = int
RETURN:  memory in kilobyte of type int
         n=0: memory used by active variables (same as no parameters)
         n=1: total memory allocated by Singular
         n=2: difference between top and init memory adress (sbrk memory)
         n!=0,1,2: 0
DISPLAY: detailed information about allocated and used memory if v!=0
NOTE:    kmemory uses internal function 'memory' to compute kilobyte, and
         is the same as 'memory' for n!=0,1,2
EXAMPLE: example kmemory; shows an example
"
{
   int n;
   int verb;
   if (size(#) != 0)
   {
     n=#[1];
     if (size(#) >1)
     { verb=#[2]; }
   }

  if ( verb != 0)
  {
    if ( n==0)
    { dbprint(printlevel-voice+3,
      "// memory used, at the moment, by active variables (kilobyte):"); }
    if ( n==1 )
    { dbprint(printlevel-voice+3,
      "// total memory allocated, at the moment, by SINGULAR (kilobyte):"); }
   }
   return ((memory(n)+1023)/1024);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   kmemory();
   kmemory(1,1);
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc killall
"USAGE:   killall(); (no parameter)
         killall(\"type_name\");
         killall(\"not\", \"type_name\");
COMPUTE: killall(); kills all user-defined variables but not loaded procedures
         killall(\"type_name\"); kills all user-defined variables,
         of type \"type_name\"
         killall(\"not\", \"type_name\"); kills all user-defined variables,
         except those of type \"type_name\" and except loaded procedures
         killall(\"not\", \"name_1\", \"name_2\", ...); 
         kills all user-defined variables, except those of name \"name_i\" 
         and except loaded procedures
RETURN:  no return value
NOTE:    killall should never be used inside a procedure
EXAMPLE: example killall; shows an example AND KILLS ALL YOUR VARIABLES
"
{
  list L=names(); int joni=size(L);
  int no_kill, j;
  for (j=1; j<=size(#); j++)
  {
    if (typeof(#[j]) != "string")
    {
      ERROR("Need string as " + string(j) + "th argument");
    }
  }
  
  // kills all user-defined variables but not loaded procedures
  if( size(#)==0 )
  {
    for ( ; joni>0; joni-- )
    {
      if( L[joni]!="LIB" and typeof(`L[joni]`)!="proc" ) { kill `L[joni]`; }
    }
  }
  else
  {
    // kills all user-defined variables
    if( size(#)==1 )
    {
      // of type proc
      if( #[1] == "proc" )
      {
        for ( joni=size(L); joni>0; joni-- )
        {
          if((L[joni]!="killall") and (L[joni]=="LIB" or typeof(`L[joni]`)=="proc"))
          { kill `L[joni]`; }
        }
      }
      else
      {  
        // other types
        for ( ; joni>2; joni-- )
        {
          if(typeof(`L[joni]`)==#[1] and L[joni]!="LIB" and typeof(`L[joni]`)!="proc") { kill `L[joni]`; }
        }
      }
    }
    else
    {
      // kills all user-defined variables whose name or type is not #i 
      for ( ; joni>2; joni-- )
      {
        if ( L[joni] != "LIB" && typeof(`L[joni]`) != "proc")
        {
          no_kill = 0;
          for (j=2; j<= size(#); j++)
          {
            if (typeof(`L[joni]`)==#[j] or L[joni] == #[j])
            {
              no_kill = 1;
              break;
            }
          }
          if (! no_kill)
          {
            kill `L[joni]`;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ring rtest; ideal i=x,y,z; string str="hi"; int j = 3;
   export rtest,i,str,j;       //this makes the local variables global
   listvar();
   killall("ring");            // kills all rings
   listvar();
   killall("not", "int");      // kills all variables except int's (and procs)
   listvar();
   killall();                  // kills all vars except loaded procs
   listvar();
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc number_e (int n)
"USAGE:   number_e(n);  n integer
COMPUTE: Euler number e=exp(1) up to n decimal digits (no rounding)
         by A.H.J. Sale's algorithm
RETURN:  - string of exp(1) if no basering of char 0 is defined;
         - exp(1), type number, if a basering of char 0 is defined, display its
         decimal format if printlevel >= voice (default:printlevel=voice-1 )
EXAMPLE: example number_e; shows an example
"
{
   int i,m,s,t;
   intvec u,e;
   u[n+2]=0; e[n+1]=0; e=e+1;
   if( defined(basering) )
   {
      if( char(basering)==0 ) { number r=2; t=1; }
   }
   string result = "2.";
   for( i=1; i<=n+1; i=i+1 )
   {
      e = e*10;
      for( m=n+1; m>=1; m=m-1 )
      {
         s    = e[m]+u[m+1];
         u[m] = s div (m+1);
         e[m] = s%(m+1);
      }
      result = result+string(u[1]);
      if( t==1 ) { r = r+number(u[1])/number(10)^i; }
   }
   if( t==1 )
   { dbprint(printlevel-voice+2,"// "+result[1,n+1]);
     return(r);
   }
   return(result[1,n+1]);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   number_e(30);"";
   ring R = 0,t,lp;
   number e = number_e(30);
   e;
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc number_pi (int n)
"USAGE:   number_pi(n);  n positive integer
COMPUTE: pi (area of unit circle) up to n decimal digits (no rounding)
         by algorithm of S. Rabinowitz
RETURN:  - string of pi if no basering of char 0 is defined,
         - pi, of type number, if a basering of char 0 is defined, display its
         decimal format if printlevel >= voice (default:printlevel=voice-1 )
EXAMPLE: example number_pi; shows an example
"
{
   int i,m,t,e,q,N;
   intvec r,p,B,Prelim;
   string result,prelim;
   N = (10*n) div 3 + 2;
   p[N+1]=0; p=p+2; r=p;
   for( i=1; i<=N+1; i=i+1 ) { B[i]=2*i-1; }
   if( defined(basering) )
   {
      if( char(basering)==0 ) { number pi; number pri; t=1; }
   }
   for( i=0; i<=n; i=i+1 )
   {
      p = r*10;
      e = p[N+1];
      for( m=N+1; m>=2; m=m-1 )
      {
         r[m] = e%B[m];
         q    = e div B[m];
         e    = q*(m-1)+p[m-1];
      }
      r[1] = e%10;
      q    = e div 10;
      if( q!=10 and q!=9 )
      {
         result = result+prelim;
         Prelim = q;
         prelim = string(q);
      }
      if( q==9 )
      {
         Prelim = Prelim,9;
         prelim = prelim+"9";
      }
      if( q==10 )
      {
         Prelim = (Prelim+1)-((Prelim+1) div 10)*10;
         for( m=size(Prelim); m>0; m=m-1)
         {
            prelim[m] = string(Prelim[m]);
         }
         result = result+prelim;
         if( t==1 ) { pi=pi+pri; }
         Prelim = 0;
         prelim = "0";
      }
      if( t==1 ) { pi=pi+number(q)/number(10)^i; }
   }
   result = result,prelim[1];
   result = "3."+result[2,n-1];
   if( t==1 )
   { dbprint(printlevel-voice+2,"// "+result);
     return(pi);
   }
   return(result);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   number_pi(11);"";
   ring r = (real,10),t,dp;
   number pi = number_pi(11); pi;
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc primes (int n, int m)
"USAGE:   primes(n,m);  n,m integers
RETURN:  intvec, consisting of all primes p, prime(n)<=p<=m, in increasing
         order if n<=m, resp. prime(m)<=p<=n, in decreasing order if m<n
NOTE:    prime(n); returns the biggest prime number <= n (if n>=2, else 2)
EXAMPLE: example primes; shows an example
"
{  int change;
   if ( n>m ) { change=n; n=m ; m=change; change=1; }
   int q,p = prime(m),prime(n); intvec v = q; q = q-1;
   while ( q>=p ) { q = prime(q); v = q,v; q = q-1; }
   if ( change==1 ) { v = v[size(v)..1]; }
   return(v);
}
example
{  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
    primes(50,100);"";
    intvec v = primes(37,1); v;
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc product (id, list #)
"USAGE:    product(id[,v]); id ideal/vector/module/matrix/intvec/intmat/list,
          v intvec  (default: v=1.. number of entries of id)
RETURN:   - if id is not a list: poly resp. int, the product of all entries of
          id with index given by v.
          id is treated as a list of polys resp. integers. A module m is
          identified with corresponding matrix M (columns of M generate m)
          - if id is a list: product of list entries, with index given by v.
          Assume that list members can be multiplied
EXAMPLE:  example product; shows an example
"
{
   int n,j,tt;
   string ty;
   list l;
   int s = size(#);
   if( s!=0 )
   {  if ( typeof(#[s])=="intvec" )
      {  intvec v = #[s];
         tt=1; s=s-1;
         if ( s>0 ) { # = #[1..s]; }
      }
   }
   if ( s>0 )
   {
     l = list(id)+#;
     kill id;
     list id = l;
     ty = "list";
   }
   else
   { ty = typeof(id);
   }
   if( ty=="list" )
   { n = size(id);
     def f(1) = id[1];
     for( j=2; j<=n; j=j+1 ) { def f(j)=f(j-1)*id[j]; }
     return(f(n));
   }
   if( ty=="poly" or ty=="ideal" or ty=="vector"
       or ty=="module" or ty=="matrix" )
   {
      ideal i = ideal(matrix(id));
      kill id;
      ideal id = i;
      if( tt!=0 ) { id = id[v]; }
      n = ncols(id); poly f(1)=id[1];
   }
   if( ty=="int" or ty=="intvec" or ty=="intmat" )
   {
      if ( ty == "int" ) { intmat S =id; }
      else { intmat S = intmat(id); }
      intvec i = S[1..nrows(S),1..ncols(S)];
      kill id;
      intvec id = i;
      if( tt!=0 ) { id = id[v]; }
      n = size(id); int f(1)=id[1];
   }
   for( j=2; j<=n; j=j+1 ) { def f(j)=f(j-1)*id[j]; }
   return(f(n));
}
example
{  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ring r= 0,(x,y,z),dp;
   ideal m = maxideal(1);
   product(m);
   product(m[2..3]);
   matrix M[2][3] = 1,x,2,y,3,z;
   product(M);
   intvec v=2,4,6;
   product(M,v);
   intvec iv = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9;
   v=1..5,7,9;
   product(iv,v);
   intmat A[2][3] = 1,1,1,2,2,2;
   product(A,3..5);
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
proc ringweights (list # )
"USAGE:   ringweights (P); P=name of an existing ring (true name, not a string)
RETURN:  intvec, size=nvars(P), consisting of the weights of the variables of P
NOTE:    This is useful when enlarging P but keeping the weights of the old
         variables
EXAMPLE: example ringweights;  shows an example
"
{
   int ii,q,fi,fo,fia;
   intvec rw,nw;
   string os;
   def P = #[1];
   string osP = ordstr(P);
   fo  = 1;
//------------------------- find weights in ordstr(P) -------------------------
   fi  = find(osP,"(",fo);
   fia = find(osP,"a",fo)+find(osP,"w",fo)+find(osP,"W",fo);
   while ( fia )
   {
      os = osP[fi+1,find(osP,")",fi)-fi-1];
      if( find(os,",") )
      {
         execute("nw = "+os+";");
         if( size(nw) > ii )
         {
             rw = rw,nw[ii+1..size(nw)];
         }
         else  {  ii = ii - size(nw); }

         if( find(osP[1,fi],"a",fo) ) { ii = size(nw); }
      }
      else
      {
         execute("q = "+os+";");
         if( q > ii )
         {
            nw = 0; nw[q-ii] = 0;
            nw = nw + 1;          //creates an intvec 1,...,1 of length q-ii
            rw = rw,nw;
         }
         else { ii = ii - q; }
      }
      fo  = fi+1;
      fi  = find(osP,"(",fo);
      fia = find(osP,"a",fo)+find(osP,"w",fo)+find(osP,"W",fo);
   }
//-------------- adjust weight vector to length = nvars(P)  -------------------
   if( fo > 1 )
   {                                            // case when weights were found
      rw = rw[2..size(rw)];
      if( size(rw) > nvars(P) )
      {
         rw = rw[1..nvars(P)];
      }
      if( size(rw) < nvars(P) )
      {
         nw=0; nw[nvars(P)-size(rw)]=0; nw=nw+1; rw=rw,nw;
      }
   }
   else
   {                                         // case when no weights were found
      rw[nvars(P)]= 0; rw=rw+1;
   }
   return(rw);
}
example
{"EXAMPLE:";  echo = 2;
  ring r0 = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
  ringweights(r0);
  ring r1 = 0,x(1..5),(ds(3),wp(2,3));
  ringweights(r1);
  ring r2 = 0,x(1..5),(a(1,2,3,0),dp);
  ringweights(r2);
  ring r3 = 0,x(1..10),(a(1..5),dp(5),a(10..13),Wp(5..9));
  ringweights(r3);
  // an example for enlarging the ring:
  intvec v = 6,2,3,4,5;
  ring R = 0,x(1..10),(a(ringweights(r1),v),dp);
  ordstr(R);
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc sort (id, list #)
"USAGE:   sort(id[v,o,n]); id=ideal/module/intvec/list (of intvec's or int's)
         sort may be called with 1, 2 or 3 arguments in the following way:
         sort(id[v,n]); v=intvec of positive integers, n=integer,
         sort(id[o,n]); o=string (any allowed ordstr of a ring), n=integer
RETURN:  a list of two elements:
         [1]: object of same type as input but sorted in the following manner:
           - if id=ideal/module: generators of id are sorted w.r.t. intvec v
             (id[v[1]] becomes 1-st, id[v[2]]  2-nd element, etc.). If no v is
             present, id is sorted w.r.t. ordering o (if o is given) or w.r.t.
             actual monomial ordering (if no o is given):
                    generators with smaller leading term come first
             (e.g. sort(id); sorts w.r.t actual monomial ordering)
           - if id=list of intvec's or int's: consider a list element, say
             id[1]=3,2,5, as exponent vector of the monomial x^3*y^2*z^5;
             the corresponding monomials are ordered w.r.t. intvec v (s.a.).
             If no v is present, the monomials are sorted w.r.t. ordering o
             (if o is given) or w.r.t. lexicographical ordering (if no o is
             given). The corresponding ordered list of exponent vectors is
             returned.
             (e.g. sort(id); sorts lexicographically, smaller int's come first)
             WARNING: Since negative exponents create the 0 polynomial in
             Singular, id should not contain negative integers: the result
             might not be as expected
           - if id=intvec: id is treated as list of integers
           - if n!=0 the ordering is inverse, i.e. w.r.t. v(size(v)..1)
             default: n=0
         [2]: intvec, describing the permutation of the input (hence [2]=v if
             v is given (with positive integers)
NOTE:    If v is given id may be any simply indexed object (e.g. any list or
         string); if v[i]<0 and i<=size(id) v[i] is set internally to i;
         entries of v must be pairwise distinct to get a permutation if id.
         Zero generators of ideal/module are deleted
EXAMPLE: example sort; shows an example
"
{  int ii,jj,s,n = 0,0,1,0;
   intvec v;
   if ( defined(basering) ) { def P = basering; }
   if ( size(#)==0 and (typeof(id)=="ideal" or typeof(id)=="module") )
   {
      id = simplify(id,2);
      for ( ii=1; ii<size(id); ii++ )
      {
         if ( id[ii]!=id[ii+1] ) { break;}
      }
      if ( ii != size(id) ) { v = sortvec(id); }
      else  { v = size(id)..1; }
   }
   if ( size(#)>=1 and (typeof(id)=="ideal" or typeof(id)=="module") )
   {
      if ( typeof(#[1])=="string" )
      {
         execute("ring r1 =("+charstr(P)+"),("+varstr(P)+"),("+#[1]+");");
         def i = imap(P,id);
         v = sortvec(i);
         setring P;
         n=2;
      }
   }
   if ( typeof(id)=="intvec" or typeof(id)=="list" and n==0 )
   {
      string o;
      if ( size(#)==0 ) { o = "lp"; n=1; }
      if ( size(#)>=1 )
      {
         if ( typeof(#[1])=="string" ) { o = #[1]; n=1; }
      }
   }
   if ( typeof(id)=="intvec" or typeof(id)=="list" and n==1 )
   {
      if ( typeof(id)=="list" )
      {
         for (ii=1; ii<=size(id); ii++)
         {
            if (typeof(id[ii]) != "intvec" and typeof(id[ii]) != "int")
               { "// list elements must be intvec/int"; return(); }
            else
               { s=size(id[ii])*(s < size(id[ii])) + s*(s >= size(id[ii])); }
         }
      }
      execute("ring r=0,x(1..s),("+o+");");
      ideal i;
      poly f;
      for (ii=1; ii<=size(id); ii++)
      {
         f=1;
         for (jj=1; jj<=size(id[ii]); jj++)
         {
            f=f*x(jj)^(id[ii])[jj];
         }
         i[ii]=f;
      }
      v = sort(i)[2];
   }
   if ( size(#)!=0 and n==0 ) { v = #[1]; }
   if( size(#)==2 )
   {
      if ( #[2] != 0 ) { v = v[size(v)..1]; }
   }
   s = size(v);
   if( size(id) < s ) { s = size(id); }
   def m = id;
   if ( size(m) != 0 )
   {
      for ( jj=1; jj<=s; jj=jj+1)
      {
         if ( v[jj]<=0 ) { v[jj]=jj; }
         m[jj] = id[v[jj]];
      }
   }
   if ( v == 0 ) { v = 1; }
   list L=m,v;
   return(L);
}
example
{  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ring r0 = 0,(x,y,z,t),lp;
   ideal i = x3,z3,xyz;
   sort(i);                // sort w.r.t. lex ordering
   sort(i,3..1);
   sort(i,"ls")[1];        // sort w.r.t. negative lex ordering
   list L =1,8..5,3..10;
   sort(L)[1];             // sort L lexicographically
   sort(L,"Dp",1)[1];      // sort L w.r.t (total sum, reverse lex)
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc sum (id, list #)
"USAGE:    sum(id[,v]); id=ideal/vector/module/matrix resp. id=intvec/intmat,
                       v=intvec (e.g. v=1..n, n=integer)
RETURN:   poly resp. int which is the sum of all entries of id, with index
          given by v (default: v=1..number of entries of id)
NOTE:     id is treated as a list of polys resp. integers. A module m is
          identified with corresponding matrix M (columns of M generate m)
EXAMPLE:  example sum; shows an example
"
{
   if( typeof(id)=="poly" or typeof(id)=="ideal" or typeof(id)=="vector"
       or typeof(id)=="module" or typeof(id)=="matrix" )
   {
      ideal i = ideal(matrix(id));
      if( size(#)!=0 ) { i = i[#[1]]; }
      matrix Z = matrix(i);
   }
   if( typeof(id)=="int" or typeof(id)=="intvec" or typeof(id)=="intmat" )
   {
      if ( typeof(id) == "int" ) { intmat S =id; }
      else { intmat S = intmat(id); }
      intvec i = S[1..nrows(S),1..ncols(S)];
      if( size(#)!=0 ) { i = i[#[1]]; }
      intmat Z=transpose(i);
   }
   intvec v; v[ncols(Z)]=0; v=v+1;
   return((Z*v)[1,1]);
 }
example
{  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ring r= 0,(x,y,z),dp;
   vector pv = [xy,xz,yz,x2,y2,z2];
   sum(pv);
   sum(pv,2..5);
   matrix M[2][3] = 1,x,2,y,3,z;
   intvec w=2,4,6;
   sum(M,w);
   intvec iv = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9;
   sum(iv,2..4);
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc which (command)
"USAGE:    which(command); command = string expression
RETURN:   Absolute pathname of command, if found in search path.
          Empty string, otherwise.
NOTE:     Based on the Unix command 'which'.
EXAMPLE:  example which; shows an example
"
{
   int rs;
   int i;
   string fn = "which_" + string(system("pid"));
   string pn;
   string cmd;
   if( typeof(command) != "string")
   {
     return (pn);
   }
   if (system("uname") != "ix86-Win")
   {
     cmd = "which ";
   }
   else
   {
     // unfortunately, it does not take -path
     cmd = "type ";
   }
   i = system("sh", cmd + command + " > " + fn);
   pn = read(fn);
   if (system("uname") != "ix86-Win")
   {
     // TBC: Hmm... should parse output to get rid of 'command is '
     pn[size(pn)] = "";
     i = 1;
     while ((pn[i] != " ") and (pn[i] != ""))
     {
       i = i+1;
     }
     if (pn[i] == " ") {pn[i] = "";}
     rs = system("sh", "ls " + pn + " > " + fn + " 2>&1 ");
   }
   else
   {
     rs = 0;
   }
   i = system("sh", "rm " + fn);
   if (rs == 0) {return (pn);}
   else
   {
     print (command + " not found ");
     return ("");
   }
}
example
{  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
    which("sh");
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////