source: git/Singular/LIB/mprimdec.lib @ 2ab830

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

version="$Id$";
category="Commutative Algebra";

info="
LIBRARY: mprimdec.lib   PROCEDURES FOR PRIMARY DECOMPOSITION OF MODULES
AUTHORS:  Alexander Dreyer, dreyer@mathematik.uni-kl.de; adreyer@web.de

OVERVIEW:
 Algorithms for primary decomposition for modules based on
 the algorithms of Gianni, Trager and Zacharias and
 Shimoyama and Yokoyama (generalization of the latter
 suggested by Hans-Gert Graebe, Leipzig  )
 using elments of primdec.lib

REMARK:
These procedures are implemented to be used in characteristic 0.
@*They also work in positive characteristic >> 0.
@*In small characteristic and for algebraic extensions, the
procedures via Gianni, Trager, Zacharias may not terminate.

PROCEDURES:
  separator(l);                computes a list of separators of prime ideals
  PrimdecA(N[,i]);             (not necessarily minimal) primary decomposition
                               via Shimoyama/Yokoyama (suggested by Graebe)
  PrimdecB(N,p);               (not necessarily minimal) primary decomposition
                               for pseudo-primary ideals
  modDec(N[,i]);               minimal primary decomposition
                               via Shimoyama/Yokoyama (suggested by Graebe)
  zeroMod(N[,check]);          minimal zero-dimensional primary decomposition
                               via Gianni, Trager and Zacharias
  GTZmod(N[,check]);           minimal primary decomposition
                               via Gianni, Trager and Zacharias
  dec1var(N[,check[,ann]]);    primary decomposition for one variable
  annil(N);                    the annihilator of M/N in the basering
  splitting(N[,check[,ann]]);  splitting to simpler modules
  primTest(i[,p]);             tests whether i is prime or homogeneous
  preComp(N,check[,ann]);      enhanced Version of splitting
  indSet(i);                   lists with varstrings of(in)dependend variables
  GTZopt(N[,check[,ann]]);     a faster version of GTZmod
  zeroOpt(N[,check[,ann]]);    a faster version of zeroMod
";

LIB "primdec.lib";
LIB "ring.lib";


/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// separator(l)
// computes a list of separators for a list of prime ideals
// it in a generalization of parts of pseudo_prim_dec_i from primdec.lib
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc separator (list @L)
"USAGE:   separator(l); list l of prime ideals
RETURN:  list sepList;
         a list of separators of the prime ideals in l,
         i.e. polynomials p_ij, s.th. p_ij is in l[j],
         for all l[j] not contained in l[i]
         but p_ij is not in l[i]
EXAMPLE: example separator; shows an example
"

{
  ideal p_ij;                        // generating p_ij in @L[@j], not in @L[@i]
  list f_i;                        // generating f_i NOT in @L[@i], but in all @L[@j]
  int @i,@j,@k;
  int sizeL=size(@L);
  poly @tmp;

  for(@i=1;@i<=sizeL;@i++)
  {
    p_ij=0;

    @L[@i]=std(@L[@i]);
    for(@j=1;@j<=sizeL;@j++)            // compute the separator sep_i
                                        // of the i-th component
                                        // f_i separates {Pj not incl in Pi} from Pi
    {
      if (@i!=@j)                       // searching for g: not in @L[@i], but @L[@j]
      {
        for(@k=1;@k<=ncols(@L[@j]);@k++)
        {
          if(NF(@L[@j][@k],@L[@i],1)!=0)
          {
            p_ij=p_ij+@L[@j][@k];
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  @tmp=lcm(p_ij);
  if(@tmp==0)
  {
    @tmp=1;
  }
  f_i=f_i+list(@tmp);
  }
  return(f_i);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp;
  ideal i=(x2y,xz2,y2z,z3);
  list l=minAssGTZ(i);
  list sepL=separator(l);
  sepL;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// PrimdecA(N[,i])
// computes a primary decomposition, not necessarily minimal,
// using a generalization of the algorithm of Shimoyama/Yokoyama,
// suggested by Hans-Gerd Graebe, Leipzig
// [Hans-Gert Graebe, Minimal Primary Decompostion
//  and Factorized Groebner Bases, AAECC 8, 265-278 (1997)]
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


proc PrimdecA(module @N, list #)
"USAGE:   PrimdecA (N[, i]); module N, int i
RETURN:  list l
         a (not necessarily minimal) primary decomposition of N
         computed by a generalized version of the algorithm of Shimoyama/Yokoyama,
         @*if i!=0 is given, the factorizing Groebner is used to compute the
         isolated primes
EXAMPLE: example PrimdecA; shows an example
"

{
  module @M=freemodule(nrows(@N));        // @M=basering^k
  ideal ann=annil(@N);                    // the annihilator of @N
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // in the trivial case we avoid to compute anything
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if (ann[1]==1)
  {
    return(list());
  }
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Computation of the Associated Primes
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if (ann[1]==0)
  {
    list pr=list(ideal(0));
  }
  else
  {
    if( (size(#)>0) ){
      list pr = minAssChar(ann);   // causes message  "/ ** redefining @res **"
    }
    else{
      list pr = minAssGTZ(ann);
    }
  }

  list sp, pprimary;     // the separators and the pseudo-primary modules
  int @i;
  ideal rest;            // for the computation of the remaining components
  sp=separator(pr);
  int sizeSp=size(sp);   // the number of separators

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Computation of the pseudo-primary modules
  // and an ideal rest s.th. @N is the intersection of the
  // pseudo-primary modules and @N+rest*@M
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  for(@i=1;@i<=sizeSp;@i++)
  {
    pprimary=pprimary+list(sat(@N,sp[@i]));
    rest=rest+sp[@i]^pprimary[@i][2];
  }
  list result;           // a primary decomposition of @N

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Extraction of the pseudo-primary modules
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  for (@i=1;@i<=size(pprimary);@i++)
  {
   result=result+PrimdecB(pprimary[@i][1],pr[@i]);
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Computation of remaining components
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  result=result+PrimdecA(@N+rest*@M);

  return(result);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp;
  module N=x*gen(1)+ y*gen(2),
           x*gen(1)-x2*gen(2);
  list l=PrimdecA(N);
  l;
}


/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// PrimdecB(N, p)
// computes a primary decomposition, not necessarily minimal,
// of a pseudo-primary module N with isolated prime p
// it is based on extraction in primdec.lib
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc PrimdecB(module @N, ideal isoPrim)
"USAGE:   PrimdecB (N, p); pseudo-primary module N, isolated prime ideal p
RETURN:  list l
         a (not necessarily minimal) primary decomposition of N
EXAMPLE: example PrimdecB; shows an example
"

{
  module @M=freemodule(nrows(@N));        // @M=basering^k
  ideal ann=annil(@N);                    // the annihilator of @N

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the not-that-trivial case of ann==0
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if(size(ann)==0)
  {
    def BAS=basering;
    execute("ring Rloc=("+charstr(basering)+","+varstr(basering)+"),dummy,("+ordstr(basering)+");");
    module @N=imap(BAS, @N);
    poly @q=prepareSat(@N);

    setring BAS;
    poly @q=imap(Rloc, @q);
    list satu=sat(@N,@q);
    if(satu[2]==0)
    {
      return(list(list(@N,ideal(0))));
    }
    else
    {
      return(list(list(satu[1],ideal(0)))+ PrimdecA(@N+(@q^satu[2])*@M));
    }
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Extraction of the isolated component @N' and
  // searching for a polynomial @f of minimal degree
  // s.th. @N=intersect(@N', @N+@f*@M)
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  list indSets=indepSet(ann,0);
  poly @f;
  if(size(indSets)!=0)           //check, whether dim isoPrim !=0
  {
    intvec indVec;               // a maximal independent set of variables
                                 // modulo isoPrim
    string @U;                   // the independent variables
    string @A;                   // the dependent variables
    int @j,@k;
    int szA;                     //  the size of @A
    int degf;
    ideal @g;
    list polys;
    int sizePolys;
    list newPoly;

    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // the preparation of the quotient ring
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    def BAS=basering;
    for (@k=1;@k<=size(indSets);@k++)
    {
      indVec=indSets[@k];
      for (@j=1;@j<=nvars(BAS);@j++)
      {
        if (indVec[@j]==1)
        {
          @U=@U+varstr(@j)+",";
        }
        else
        {
          @A=@A+varstr(@j)+",";
          szA++;
        }
      }

      @U[size(@U)]=")";           // we compute the extractor (w.r.t. @U)
      execute("ring RAU="+charstr(basering)+",("+@A+@U+",(C,dp("+string(szA)+"),dp);");
      module @N=std(imap(BAS,@N));
                                  // this is also a standard basis in (R[U])[A]
      @A[size(@A)]=")";
      execute("ring Rloc=("+charstr(basering)+","+@U+",("+@A+",(C,dp);");
      ideal @N=imap(RAU,@N);
      ideal @h;
      for(@j=ncols(@N);@j>=1;@j--)
      {
        @h[@j]=leadcoef(@N[@j]);  // consider I in (R(U))[A]
      }
      setring BAS;
      @g=imap(Rloc,@h);
      kill RAU,Rloc;
      @U="";
      @A="";
      szA=0;
      @f=lcm(@g);
      newPoly[1]=@f;
      polys=polys+newPoly;
      newPoly=list();
    }
    @f=polys[1];
    degf=deg(@f);
    sizePolys=size(polys);
    for (@k=2;@k<=sizePolys;@k++)
    {
      if (deg(polys[@k])<degf)
      {
        //Waehlt das poly mit dem geringsten Grad.
        @f=polys[@k];
        degf=deg(@f);
      }
    }
  }
  else
  {
    @f=1;
  }
  if(@f!=1)
  {
    list satu = minSatMod(@N,@f);
    return(list(list(satu[1],isoPrim))+ PrimdecA(@N+satu[2]*@M));
    //    list satu = sat(@N,@f);
    //return(list(list(satu[1],isoPrim))+ PrimdecA(@N+@f^satu[2]*@M));
  }
  else
  {
    return(list(list(@N,isoPrim)));
  }
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp;
  module N=y*gen(1),y2*gen(2),yz*gen(2),yx*gen(2);
  ideal p=y;
  list l=PrimdecB(N,p);
  l;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// modDec(N[,i])
// extracts a minimal primary decomposition from the
// primary decomposition computed by PrimdecA(N[, i])
// using a Minimality Test suggested by Hans-Gerd Graebe, Leipzig
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc modDec(module @N, list #)
"USAGE:   modDec (N[, i]); module N, int i
RETURN:  list l
         a minimal primary decomposition of N
         computed by an generalized version of the algorithm of Shimoyama/Yokoyama,
         @*if i=1 is given, the factorizing Groebner basis algorithm is used internally.
EXAMPLE: example modDec; shows an example
"
{
  list prim = PrimdecA(@N, #);
  int @i,@j,@k,@l;
  int sizePrim=size(prim);

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the trivial case
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if (sizePrim==0)
  {
    return(list(list(@N, ideal(1))));
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // collect primary components with the same associated prime
  // and substitute them by their intersection
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  for(@i=1;@i<=sizePrim;@i++)
  {
    for(@j=@i+1;@j<=sizePrim;@j++)
    {
      if (@j!=@i)
      {
        if (modulesEqual(prim[@i][2],prim[@j-@l][2])==1)
        {
          prim[@i][1]=intersect(prim[@i][1],prim[@j-@l][1]);
          prim=delete(prim,@j-@l);
          @l++;
          sizePrim--;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // minimality test suggested by Graebe:
  // if f separates the prime p from the primes not contained in p,
  // then p is not in Ass(M/N) <=> sat(N,f)=sat(sat(N,f),p)
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  list tempList;
  for(@i=1;@i<=sizePrim;@i++)
  {
    tempList=tempList+list(prim[@i][2]);
  }
  list sepPrimes=separator(tempList);   // the separators of the primes
  tempList=list();
  for(@i=1;@i<=sizePrim;@i++)     // compute sat(N,f), for all separators f
  {
    tempList=tempList+list(sat(@N,sepPrimes[@i])[1]);
  }
  module testMod;
  @k=0;
  for(@i=1;@i<=sizePrim;@i++)
  {
    testMod=sat(tempList[@i],prim[@i-@k][2])[1];  // computes sat(sat(N,f),p)
    if (size(NF(testMod,std(tempList[@i]),1))==0) // tests if equal to sat(N,f)
    {
      prim=delete(prim,@i-@k);                    // if yes: the component
      @k++;                                       // is superfluous
    }
  }

  return(prim);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp;
  module N=x*gen(1)+ y*gen(2),
           x*gen(1)-x2*gen(2);
  list l=modDec(N);
  l;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// zeroMod (N[, check])
// computes a minimal primary decomposition of a zero-dimensional Module
// using a generalized version of the algorithm of
// Gianni, Trager and Zacharias, suggested by Alexander Dreyer
// [Diploma Thesis, University of Kaiserslautern, 2001]
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc zeroMod (module @N, list #)
"USAGE:   zeroMod (N[, check]); zero-dimensional module N[, module check]
RETURN:  list l
         the minimal primary decomposition of a zero-dimensional module N,
         computed by a generalized version of the algorithm of Gianni, Trager and Zacharias
NOTE:    if the parameter check is given, only components not containing check are computed
EXAMPLE: example zeroMod; shows an example
"
{
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the module check is needed to compute a minimal decomposition
  // components containing check are ignored
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if (size(#)>0)
  {
    module check=#[1];
    if (size(NF(check,std(@N),1))==0)
    {
      return(list());
    }
  }
  else
  {
    module check=freemodule(nrows(@N));
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the ordering is changed to lex
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  def BAS = basering;
  def @R=changeord("lp");
  setring @R;
  module @N=fetch(BAS,@N);
  int nVar=nvars(@R);
  module @M=freemodule(nrows(@N));     // @M=basering^k
  ideal ann=std(quotient(@N,@M));      // the annihilator of @M/@N
  int @k;
  list result, rest;
  ideal primary, prim;
  module primMod;

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the random coordnate change and its inverse
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  option(redSB);
  ideal prepMap=maxideal(1);
  prepMap[nVar]=0;
  prepMap[nVar]=(random(100,1,nVar)*transpose(prepMap))[1,1]+var(nVar);
  map phi=@R,prepMap;
  prepMap[nVar]=2*var(nVar)-prepMap[nVar];
  map invphi=@R,prepMap;

  ideal @j=std(phi(ann));

  list fac=factorize(@j[1],2);   // factorization of the 1st elt. in Ann(@N)

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Case: 1st element irreducible
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if(size(fac[2])==1)
  {
    prim=primaryTest(@j,fac[1][1]);
    prim=invphi(prim);
    setring BAS;
    @N=std(@N);
    ideal prim=std(imap(@R,prim));
    kill @R;
    if(prim!=0)
    {
      return(list(list(@N,prim)));
    }
    else
    {
      return(zeroMod(@N,check));
    }
   }
2;
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Computation of the - hopefully primary - modules
  // their annihilators and associated primes
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  poly @p, @h;
  module check;
  for (@k=1;@k<=size(fac[1]);@k++)
  {
    @p=fac[1][@k]^fac[2][@k];
    @h=@j[1]/@p;
    primMod=std(quotient(phi(@N),@h));
    check=imap(BAS,check);
    check=phi(check);
    if (size(NF(check,primMod,1))>0)
    {
      primary=std(@j+@p);
      // test if the modules were primary and in general position
      prim=primaryTest(primary,fac[1][@k]);
      if (prim==0)
      {
            rest[size(rest)+1]=invphi(primMod);
      }
      else
      {
            result[size(result)+1]=list(std(invphi(primMod)),std(invphi(prim)));
      }

    }
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the bad cases
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  for (@k=1; @k<=size(rest);@k++)
  {
    result = result+zeroMod(rest[@k],invphi(check));
  }

  option(noredSB);
  setring BAS;
  list result=imap(@R, result);
  kill @R;
  return(result);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,z,dp;
  module N=z*gen(1),(z-1)*gen(2),(z+1)*gen(3);
  list l=zeroMod(N);
  l;
}


/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// GTZmod (N[, check])
// computes a minimal primary decomposition of N
// using a generalized version of the algorithm of
// Gianni, Trager and Zacharias, suggested by Alexander Dreyer
// [Diploma Thesis, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, 2001]
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc GTZmod (module @N, list #)
"USAGE:   GTZmod (N[, check]); module N[, module check]
RETURN:  list l
         the minimal primary decomposition of the module N,
         computed by a generalized version of the algorithm of Gianni, Trager and Zacharias
NOTE:    if the parameter check is given, only components not containing check are computed
EXAMPLE: example GTZmod; shows an example
"
{
  if (size(@N)==0)
  {
    return(list(@N,ideal(0)));
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the module check is needed to compute a minimal decomposition
  // components containing check are ignored
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if (size(#)>0)
  {
    module check=#[1];
    if (size(NF(check,std(@N),1))==0)
    {
      return(list());
    }
  }
  else
  {
    module check= freemodule(nrows(@N));
  }

  module @M=freemodule(nrows(@N));
  def BAS = basering;
  int @j;
  int nVar=nvars(BAS);
  int @k;
  string @U;                       // the independent variables
  string @A;                       // the dependent variables
  @N=std(@N);
  ideal ann=std(quotient(@N,@M));  // the annihilator of @M/@N


  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the trivial and the zero-dimensional case
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  int Ndim=dim(@N);
  if ((Ndim==0)||(Ndim==-1))
  {
    return(zeroMod(@N, check));
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the not-that-trivial case of ann==0
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if(size(ann)==0)
  {
    execute("ring Rloc=("+charstr(basering)+","+varstr(basering)+"),dummy,("+ordstr(basering)+");");
    module @N=imap(BAS, @N);
    poly @q=prepareSat(@N);

    setring BAS;
    poly @q=imap(Rloc, @q);
    list satu=sat(@N,@q);
    if(satu[2]==0)
    {
      return(list(list(@N,ideal(0))));
    }
    else
    {
      check=intersect(check,satu[1]);
      return(list(list(satu[1],ideal(0)))+GTZmod(@N+(@q^satu[2])*@M,check));
    }
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the preparation of the quotient ring
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  intvec indVec=indepSet(ann);
  int szA;
  for (@k=1;@k<=size(indVec);@k++)
  {
    if (indVec[@k]==1)
    {
      @U=@U+varstr(@k)+",";
    }
    else
    {
      @A=@A+varstr(@k)+",";
      szA++;
    }
  }
  @U[size(@U)]=")";             // we compute the extractor (w.r.t. @U)
  execute("ring RAU="+charstr(basering)+",("+@A+@U+",(C,dp("+string(szA)+"),dp);");
  module @N=std(imap(BAS,@N));  // this is also a standard basis in (R[U])[A]
  @A[size(@A)]=")";
  execute("ring Rloc=("+charstr(basering)+","+@U+",("+@A+",(C,dp);");
  module @N=imap(RAU,@N);
  kill RAU;

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the zero-dimensional decomposition
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  list qprim=zeroMod(@N,imap(BAS,check));

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //  preparation for saturation
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  poly @q=prepareSat(@N);
  if (size(qprim)==0)
  {
    setring BAS;
    poly @q=imap(Rloc,@q);
    kill Rloc;
    @q=@q^sat(@N,@q)[2];
    if (deg(@q)>0)
    {
      return(GTZmod(@N+@q*@M,check));
    }
    else
    {
      return(list());
    }
  }

  list @p;
  for (@k=1;@k<=size(qprim);@k++)
  {
    @p[@k]=list(prepareSat(qprim[@k][1]),prepareSat(qprim[@k][2]));
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // compute the recontractions
  // back in the original ring
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  setring BAS;
  list @p=imap(Rloc,@p);
  list qprim=imap(Rloc,qprim);
  poly @q=imap(Rloc,@q);
  kill Rloc;
  for(@k=1;@k<=size(qprim);@k++)
  {
    qprim[@k]=list(sat(qprim[@k][1],@p[@k][1])[1],
                   sat(qprim[@k][2],@p[@k][2])[1]);
    check=intersect(check,qprim[@k][1]);
  }
  @q=@q^sat(@N,@q)[2];
  if (deg(@q)>0)
  {
    qprim=qprim+GTZmod(@N+@q*@M,check);
  }

  return(qprim);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp;
  module N=x*gen(1)+ y*gen(2),
           x*gen(1)-x2*gen(2);
  list l=GTZmod(N);
  l;
}


proc prepareSat(module @N, list #)

{
  int @k;
  poly @p=leadcoef(@N[1]);
  for (@k=2;@k<=size(@N);@k++)
  {
    @p=lcm_chr(@p,leadcoef(@N[@k]));
    //    @p=@p*leadcoef(@N[@k]);
  }
  return(@p);
}

proc lcm_chr(poly @i, poly @j)

{
  def LBAS = basering;
  if (npars(basering)==0)
  {
    string strg="";
  }
  else
  {
     if (nvars(basering)==0)
     {
       string strg=parstr(basering);
     }
     else
     {
       string strg=parstr(basering)+",";
     }
  }
  execute("ring PRing="+string(char(basering))+",("+strg+varstr(basering)+"),dp");
  ideal @a=ideal(imap(LBAS,@i),imap(LBAS,@j));
  poly @p=lcm(@a);
  setring LBAS;
  poly @p=imap(PRing,@p);
  kill PRing;
  return(@p);
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// The optimized procedures and procdures needed for this optimization
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// testit (N, l)
// a small procedure, which checks whether
// N=intersect(l[1][1],...,l[size(l)][1])
// and whether annil(l[i][1]) is primary
// Just for testing the procedures.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc testit (module N, list #)
"USAGE:   testit (N, l); module N, list l
EXAMPLE: example testit; shows an example
"
{
  if (size(#)==0)
  {
    return()
  }
  int i;
  list l=#;
  module nn=freemodule(nrows(N));
  module M=freemodule(nrows(N));

  for(i=1;i<=size(l);i++)
  {
    nn=intersect(nn,l[i][1]);
    if ((size(decomp(quotient(l[i][1],M)))>2)&&(size(l[i][2])>0))
    {
     "nicht primary obwohl erkannt!";
     l[i];std(quotient(l[i][1],M));std(radical(quotient(l[i][1],M)));
      pause();
     }
  }
  int j,k;
  j=size(NF(nn,std(N),1));
  k=size(NF(N,std(nn),1));
  if ((j!=0)||(k!=0))
  {
    "testit fehler!!!";
    pause();
  }
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp;
  module N=x*gen(1)+ y*gen(2),
           x*gen(1)-x2*gen(2);
  list l=GTZmod(N);
  testit(N,l);
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// annil (N)
// computes the annihilator of M/N in the basering
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc annil (module N)
"USAGE:   annil(N);  modul N
RETURN:  ideal ann=std(quotient(N,freemodule(nrows(N))));
         the annihilator of M/N in the basering
NOTE:    ann is a std basis in the basering
EXAMPLE: example annil; shows an example
"
{
 intvec optionsVec=option(get);
 option (returnSB);
 ideal ann=quotient(N,freemodule(nrows(N)));
 attrib (ann, "isSB",1);
 option (set,optionsVec);
 return(ann);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp;
  module N=x*gen(1), y*gen(2);
  ideal ann=annil(N);
  ann;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//  splitting(N[,check[, ann]])
//  INPUT:  a zero-dimensional module N, module check, ideal ann=annil(N)
//          splitting computes an list of modules
//          using the factorization of the elements of annil(N)
//          s.th. N is equal to the intersections of these modules
//          A prim test is used to check if the modules are primary
//  OUTPUT: (l, check)
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc splitting (module @N, list #)
"USAGE:   splitting(N[,check[, ann]]);  modul N, module check, ideal ann
RETURN:  (l, check) list l, module check
         the elements of l consists of quadruples, where
         [1] is of type module, [2], [3] and [4] are of type ideal,
         s.th. the intersection of the modules is equal to the
         zero-dimensional module N, furthermore l[j][3]=annil(l[j][1])
         and l[j][4] contains internal ideal data;
         if l[j][2]!=0 then the module l[j][1] is primary
            with associated prime l[j][2], and check=intersect(check, l[j][1]) is computed
NOTE:    if the parameter check is given, only components not containing
         check are computed; if ann is given, ann is used instead of annil(N)
EXAMPLE: example splitting; shows an example
"
{
  ideal ann; module check, @M; int checked;
  (ann, check, @M,checked)=getData(@N,#);
  if(checked)
  {
    return(list());
  }
  if(size(#)>=3)
  {
    ideal splitPrime=#[3];
  }
  else
  {
    ideal splitPrime=ann;
  }

  list fact, result, splitTemp;
  int @i,@k,@j,szFact;
  for (@i=1;@i<=size(ann);@i++)
  {
    fact=factorize(ann[@i],2);
    szFact=size(fact[2]);
    // if the element is the power of an irreducible element
    if(szFact==1)
    {
      if(vdim(ann)==deg(ann[@i]))
      {
        splitPrime=interred(splitPrime+ideal(fact[1][1]));
        result=result+list(list(@N,splitPrime,ann,splitPrime));
      }
      else
      {
        splitPrime=interred(splitPrime+ideal(fact[1][1]));
        if (homog(splitPrime))
        {
           result=result+list(list(@N,maxideal(1),ann,splitPrime));
        }
      }
    }
    else
    {
      if(gcdTest(fact[1]))       // Case: (f1,...,fk)=(1)
      {
        (splitTemp, check)=sp1(@N,fact,check,ann,splitPrime);
        result=result+splitTemp;
      }
      else
      {
                                // if the element is not irreducible
        (splitTemp, check)=sp2(@N,fact[1][1],check,ann,splitPrime);
        result=result+splitTemp;
      }
    }
  }
  @i=1;@k=size(result);

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // delete multiple Modules
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  while (@i<=@k)
  {
    @j=1;
    while(@j<=@i-1)
    {
      if (stdModulesEqual(result[@j][1],result[@k][1]))
      {
        result=delete(result,@i);
        @k--;@i--;break;
      }
      @j++;
    }
    @i++;
  }
  list rest;
  @i=1;@k=size(result);

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // if not primary then split the obtained modules once again
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  while (@i<=@k)
  {
    if (size(result[@i][2])==0)
    {
      rest=rest+list(list(result[@i][1],result[@i][3],result[@i][4]));
      result=delete(result,@i);
      @k--;@i--;
    }
    else
    {
      check=intersect(check,result[@i][1]);
    }
    @i++;
  }
  for(@i=1;@i<=size(rest);@i++)
  {
    (splitTemp,check)=splitting(rest[@i][1],check,rest[@i][2],rest[@i][3]);
    result=result+splitTemp;
  }

  if (size(result)==0)
  {
    result=list(list(@N,ideal(0),ann,ann));
  }
  return(result, check);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,z,lp;
  module N=z*gen(1), (z+1)*gen(2);
  N=std(N);
  list l; module check;
  (l, check)=splitting(N);
  l;
  check;
}

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // sp1: splits a module as follows
  // (N+f*g*M)=intersect((N+f*M),(N+g*M)) if (f,g)=(1)
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static proc sp1(module @N,list fact,list #)
{
  ideal ann; module check, @M; int @i;
  (ann, check, @M, @i)=getData(@N, #);
  if(size(#)>=3)
  {
    ideal splitPrime=#[3];
  }
  else
  {
    ideal splitPrime=ann;
  }
  list pr;
  module splitMod;
  ideal splitAnn, prim, tempPrime;
  for(@i=1;@i<=size(fact[2]);@i++)
  {
    splitMod=std(@N+(fact[1][@i]^fact[2][@i])*@M);
    if(size(NF(check,splitMod,1))>0)
    {
      splitAnn=std(ann,(fact[1][@i]^fact[2][@i]));
      tempPrime=interred(splitPrime+ideal(fact[1][@i]));
      prim=primTest(splitAnn,fact[1][@i],tempPrime);
      pr=pr+list(list(splitMod,prim,splitAnn,tempPrime));
      if (size(prim)>0)
      {
        check=intersect(check,splitMod);
      }
    }
  }
  return (pr, check);
}

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // sp2: splits a module as follows
  // N=intersect((N:f),(N+f*M))
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static proc sp2(module @N,  poly p, list #)
{
  ideal ann; module check, @M; int @i;
  (ann, check, @M, @i)=getData(@N, #);
  if(size(#)>=3)
  {
    ideal splitPrime=#[3];
  }
  else
  {
    ideal splitPrime=ann;
  }
  list fact=sat(@N, p);
  list splitList;
  ideal splitAnn, prim, tempPrime;
  if (fact[2]>0)
  {
   module n1=std(@N+(p^fact[2]*@M));
   module n2=fact[1];
   if (size(NF(check,n1,1))>0)
   {
    splitAnn=std(ann+ideal(p^fact[2]));
    tempPrime=interred(splitPrime+ideal(p));
    prim=primTest(tempPrime);
    splitList=list(list(n1, prim, splitAnn,tempPrime));
    if(size(prim)>0)
    {
      check=intersect(check, n1);
    }
   }
   if(size(NF(check,n2,1))>0)
   {
    splitAnn=annil(n2);
    prim=primTest(splitAnn);
    splitList=splitList+list(list(n2,prim,splitAnn,splitAnn));
    if(size(prim)>0)
    {
    check=intersect(check, n2);
    }
   }
   return(splitList, check);
  }
  else
  {
   return (list(list(@N,ideal(0),ideal(0))), check);
  }
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//  primeTest(i[, p])
//  tests whether i is prime or homogeneous
//  is both cases radical(i) is returned
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc primTest(ideal id, list #)
"USAGE:   primTest(i[, p]); a zero-dimensional ideal i, irreducible poly p in i
RETURN:  if i is neither prime nor homogeneous then ideal(0) is returned,
         otherwise radical(i)
EXAMPLE: example primTest; shows an example
"
{
  ideal tempPrime;
  int testTempPrime;
  if (size(#)>0)
  {
    poly @p=#[1];
    if(size(#)>1)
    {
      tempPrime=#[2];
      testTempPrime=1;
    }
  }
  else
  {
    poly @p=0;

  }
  ideal prim=ideal(0);
  if((size(#)>0)&&(vdim(id)==deg(@p)))
  {
    prim=id;
  }
  else
  {
    if ((homog(id))||((testTempPrime)&&(homog(tempPrime))))
    {
      prim=maxideal(1);
    }
  }
  return (prim);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
  ring r=0,(x,y,z),lp;
  ideal i=x+1,y-1,z;
  i=std(i);
  ideal primId=primTest(i,z);
  primId;

  i=x,z2,yz,y2;
  i=std(i);
  primId=primTest(i);
  primId;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// preComp(N, check[, ann])
// preComp is an enhanced version of splitting,
// but before computing splitting the first element of std(annil(N))
// is factorized and the obtained modules are tested for primarity
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc preComp (module @N, list #)
"USAGE:   preComp(N,check[, ann]);  modul N, module check, ideal ann
RETURN:  (l, check) list l, module check
         the elements of l consists of a triple with
         [1] of type module [2] and [3] of type ideal
         s.th. the intersection of the modules is equal to the
         zero-dimensional module N, furthermore l[j][3]=annil(l[j][1])
         if l[j][2]!=0 then the module l[j][1] is primary
            with associated prime l[j][2],
            and check=intersect(check, l[j][1]) is computed
NOTE:    only components not containing check are computed;
         if ann is given, ann is used instead of annil(N)
EXAMPLE: example preComp; shows an example
"
{
  def BAS=basering;
  def @R=changeord("C,lp");
  setring @R;
  module @N=std(imap(BAS,@N));
  ideal ann; module check, @M; int @k;
  (ann, check, @M, @k)=getData(@N,imap(BAS,#),1);
  list act,primary;
  ideal primid,helpid;
  module primmod;

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the first element of the standardbase is factorized
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if(deg(ann[1])>0)
  {
    act=factorize(ann[1],2);
  }
  else
  {
    setring BAS;
    module check=imap(@R,check);
    kill @R;
    return(list(), check);
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // with the factors new modules are created
  // (hopefully the primary decomposition)
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if(size(act[1])>1)               // Case: act[1] not irreducible
  {
     for(@k=1;@k<=size(act[1]);@k++)
     {
       primmod=std(@N+(act[1][@k]^act[2][@k])*@M);
       if (size(NF(check,primmod,1))>0)
       {
         primid=std(ann,act[1][@k]^act[2][@k]);
         if((act[2][@k]==1)&&(vdim(primid)==deg(act[1][@k])))
         {
           primary = primary+list(list(primmod,primid,primid));
         }
         else
         {
           helpid=primid;
           primid=primaryTest(primid,act[1][@k]);
           primary = primary+list(list(primmod,primid,helpid));
         }
       }
       if (size(primid)>0)
       {
         check=intersect(check, primmod);
       }
     }
   }
   else                            // Case: act[1]  irreducible
   {
     primid=ann;
     primmod=@N;

     if (size(NF(check,primmod,1))>0)
     {
       if((act[2][1]==1)&&(vdim(primid)==deg(act[1][1])))
       {
         primary = primary+list(list(primmod,primid,primid));
       }
       else
       {
         primid = primaryTest(primid,act[1][1]);
         primary = primary+list(list(primmod,primid,ann));
       }
       if (size(primid)>0)
       {
         check=intersect(check,primmod);
       }
     }
  }

  if (size(primary)==0)
  {
    setring BAS;
    module check=imap(@R,check);
    kill @R;
    return(list(), check);
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the modules which are not primary are splitted
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  list splitTemp;
  int sz=size(primary);
  @k=1;
  while (@k<=sz)
  {
    if (size(primary[@k][2])==0)
    {
      (splitTemp, check)=splitting(primary[@k][1],check,primary[@k][3]);
      primary = delete(primary, @k)+splitTemp;
      @k--;sz--;
    }
    @k++;
  }

  setring BAS;
  list primary=imap(@R,primary);
  module check=imap(@R,check);
  kill @R;
  return(primary,check);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,z,lp;
  module N=z*gen(1), (z+1)*gen(2);
  N=std(N);
  list l; module check;
  (l, check)=preComp(N,freemodule(2));
  l;
  check;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// indSet(i)
// based on independendSet from primdec.lib
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc indSet (ideal @j)
"USAGE:   indSet(i); i ideal
RETURN:  list with two entries
         both are lists of new varstrings with the dependent variables,
         the independent set, the ordstring with the corresp. block ordering,
         and the integer where the independent set starts in the varstring
NOTE:    the first entry gives the strings for all maximal independent sets
         the second gives the strings for the independent sets,
         which cannot be enhanced
EXAMPLE: example indSet; shows an example
"
{
   int n,k,di;
   int jdim=dim(@j);
   list maxind, rest,hilf;
   string var1,var2;
   list v=indepSet(@j,1);

   for(n=1;n<=size(v);n++)
   {
      di=0;
      var1="";
      var2="";
      for(k=1;k<=size(v[n]);k++)
      {
         if(v[n][k]!=0)
         {
            di++;
            var2=var2+string(var(k))+",";
         }
         else
         {
            var1=var1+string(var(k))+",";
         }
      }
      if(di>0)
      {
         var1=var1[1..size(var1)-1];
         var2=var2[1..size(var2)-1];
         hilf[1]=var1;
         hilf[2]=var2;
         hilf[3]="(C,dp("+string(nvars(basering)-di)+"),dp)";
         //"lp("+string(nvars(basering)-di)+"),dp("+string(di)+")";
         hilf[4]=di;
         if(di==jdim)
         {
          maxind=maxind+list(hilf);
         }
         else
         {
          rest=rest+list(hilf);
         }
     }
      else
      {

        if(jdim==0)
         {
          maxind=maxind+list(varstr(basering),"dummy",ordstr(basering),0);
         }
         else
         {
          rest=rest+list(varstr(basering),"dummy",ordstr(basering),0);
         }
         resu[n]=varstr(basering),ordstr(basering),0;
      }
   }
   return(list(maxind,rest));
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ring s1=(0,x,y),(a,b,c,d,e,f,g),lp;
   ideal i=ea-fbg,fa+be,ec-fdg,fc+de;
   i=std(i);
   list  l=indSet(i);
   l;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// GTZopt(N[,check[, ann]])
// a faster version of GTZMod
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc GTZopt (module @N, list #)
"USAGE:   GTZopt (N[, check]); module N[, module check]
RETURN:  list l
         the minimal primary decomposition of the module N,
         computed by a generalized and optimized version of
         the algorithm of Gianni, Trager and Zacharias
NOTE:    if the parameter check is given, only components
         not containing check are computed
EXAMPLE: example GTZmod; shows an example
"
{
  @N=std(@N);
  if (size(@N)==0)
  {
    return(list(@N,ideal(0)));
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the module check is needed to compute a minimal decomposition
  // components containing check are ignored
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ideal ann; module check, @M; int checked;
  (ann, check, @M, checked)=getData(@N, #);
  if (checked)
  {
    return(list());
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // if ann is zero-dimensional and homogeneous
  // then it is primary with associated prime maxideal(1)
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if((homog(ann)==1)&&(dim(ann)==0))
  {
    return(list(list(@N,maxideal(1))));
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the not-that-trivial case of ann==0
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  def BAS = basering;
  if(size(ann)==0)      //check, whether ann=0
  {
   execute("ring Rloc=("+charstr(basering)+","+varstr(basering)+"),dummy,("+ordstr(basering)+");");
   module @N=clrSBmod(imap(BAS, @N));
   module @M=freemodule(nrows(@N));
   poly @q=prepareSat(@N);

   setring BAS;
   poly @q=imap(Rloc, @q);
   list satu=sat(@N,@q);

   if(satu[2]==0)
   {
     return(list(list(@N,ideal(0))));
   }
   else
   {
    check=intersect(check,satu[1]);
    return(list(list(satu[1],ideal(0)))+GTZopt(@N+(@q^satu[2])*@M,check));
   }
  }

  int @k1, @k2, @k3, @k4;   // the indices for nested for/while loops
  int nVar=nvars(BAS);
  int Ndim=dim(@N);

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Simplification of the modules using
  // N=N/(a*x_i+b)*M+(a*x_i+b)*M, for (a*x_i+b) in ann
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if (size(#)==0)
  {
    ideal fried;
    @k2=size(ann);
    for(@k1=1;@k1<=@k2;@k1++)
    {
      if(deg(lead(ann[@k1]))==1)
      {
        fried[size(fried)+1]=ann[@k1];
      }
    }
    if(size(fried)==nVar)
    {
       return(list(list(@N, ann)));
    }
    if(size(fried)>0)
    {
       string newva;
       string newma;
       for(@k1=1;@k1<=nVar;@k1++)
       {
          checked=0;
          for(@k2=1;@k2<=size(fried);@k2++)
          {
             if(leadmonom(fried[@k2])==var(@k1))
             {
                checked=1;
                break;
             }
          }
          if(checked==0)
          {
            newva=newva+string(var(@k1))+",";
            newma=newma+string(var(@k1))+",";
          }
          else
          {
            newma=newma+string(var(@k1)-((1/leadcoef(fried[@k2]))*fried[@k2]))+",";
          }
       }
       newva[size(newva)]=")";
       newma[size(newma)]=";";
       execute("ring @deirf=("+charstr(BAS)+"),("+newva+",(C,lp);");
       execute("map @kappa=BAS,"+newma);
       ideal @j = @kappa(ann);
       module @N = @kappa(@N);
       @N=simplify(@N,2);
       @j=simplify(@j,2);
       list pr=GTZopt(@N,freemodule(nrows(@N)),@j);
       setring BAS;
       list pr=imap(@deirf,pr);

       for(@k1=1;@k1<=size(pr);@k1++)
       {
         pr[@k1][1]=std(pr[@k1][1]+fried*@M);
         pr[@k1][2]=std(pr[@k1][2]+fried);
       }
       return(pr);
    }
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the trivial case
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if(Ndim==-1)
  {
    return(list(list(@N,ideal(1))));
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the case of one variable
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if(nVar==1)
  {
    return(dec1var(@N));
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the zerodimensional case
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if (Ndim==0)
  {
    return(zeroOpt(@N, check, ann));
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the preparation of the quotient ring
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  list result;
  list indep =indSet(ann);
  poly @q;
  list @p,primary;
  ideal @h;
  int szIndep;
  for (@k1=1;@k1<=2;@k1++)
  {
    szIndep=size(indep[@k1]);
    for (@k2=1;@k2<=szIndep;@k2++)
    {
      execute("ring RAU=("+charstr(basering)+"),("+indep[@k1][@k2][1]+","+indep[@k1][@k2][2]+"),"+indep[@k1][@k2][3]+";");
      module @N=std(imap(BAS,@N)); // the standard basis in (R[U])[A]
      execute("ring Rloc=("+charstr(basering)+","+indep[@k1][@k2][2]+"),("+indep[@k1][@k2][1]+"),(C,dp);");
      module @N=imap(RAU,@N); //std in lokalisierung
      @N=clrSBmod(@N);
      kill RAU;

      ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      // the zero-dimensional decomposition
      ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      list qprim, preList;
      module check=imap(BAS, check);
      (preList,check)=preComp(@N,check);
      for (@k3=1; @k3<=size(preList); @k3++)
      {
        if(size(preList[@k3][2])>0)
        {
          qprim=qprim+list(list(preList[@k3][1],preList[@k3][2]));
        }
        else
        {
          checked=size(qprim);
          qprim=qprim+zeroOpt(preList[@k3][1], check, preList[@k3][3]);
          for(@k4=checked+1;@k4<=size(qprim);@k4++)
          {
            check=intersect(check, qprim[@k4][1]);
          }
        }
      }  // end of for(@k3...)
      kill preList;

      ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      // Preparation of the saturation of @N
      ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      //poly pp=prepareSat(@N);
      ideal @h2;
      for (@k3=1;@k3<=size(@N);@k3++)
      {
        @h2[@k3]=leadcoef(@N[@k3]);
      }

      if (size(qprim)==0)     // there aren't any new components
      {
        setring BAS;
        check=imap(Rloc,check);
        @h=imap(Rloc,@h2);
        @q=minSatMod(imap(BAS,@N),@h)[2];
        // @q=imap(Rloc,pp)^sat(imap(BAS,@N),imap(Rloc,pp))[2];
        kill Rloc;
        if (deg(@q)>0)
        {
          @N=std(@N+@q*@M);
          ann=std(ideal(ann+@q));
          kill qprim;
        }
      }
      else                    // there are new components
      {
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        // Preparation of the saturation of qprim
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        list @p2;
        for (@k3=1;@k3<=size(qprim);@k3++)
        {
          @p2[@k3]=list(prepareSat(qprim[@k3][1]),prepareSat(qprim[@k3][2]));
        }


        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        // compute the recontractions
        // back in the original ring
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        setring BAS;
        @p=imap(Rloc,@p2);
        primary=imap(Rloc,qprim);
        @h=imap(Rloc,@h2);
        kill Rloc;
        for(@k3=1;@k3<=size(primary);@k3++)
        {
          primary[@k3]=list(sat(primary[@k3][1],@p[@k3][1])[1],
                            sat(primary[@k3][2],@p[@k3][2])[1]);
          check=intersect(check,primary[@k3][1]);
        }
        @q=minSatMod(imap(BAS,@N),@h)[2];
        result=result+primary;
        if (deg(@q)>0)
        {
          @N=std(@N+@q*@M);
          ann=std(ideal(ann+@q));
        }
      }                       // end of else
      if ((@k1==1)&&(@k2<szIndep)&&(Ndim>dim(ann)))
      {
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return(result+GTZopt(@N,check,ann));
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp;
  module N=x*gen(1)+ y*gen(2),
           x*gen(1)-x2*gen(2);
  list l=GTZopt(N);
  l;
}


/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// dec1var(N[,check[, ann]])
// primary decompostion for a ring with one variable
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc dec1var (module @N, list #)
"USAGE:   dec1var (N); zero-dimensional module N[, module check]
RETURN:  list l
         the minimal primary decomposition of a submodule N of R^s
         if nvars(R)=1
NOTE:    if the parameter check is given, only components not containing check are computed
EXAMPLE: example zeroMod; shows an example
"
{
  ideal ann; module @M, check; int checked;
  (ann, check, @M, checked)=getData(@N, #);

  list fac = factorize(ann[1],2);
  if(size(fac[2])==1)
  {
   return(list(list(@N,ann)));
  }
  // comp of the primary modules, the primary ideals and the primes
  poly @h;
  module primod;
  list result;
  int @k;
  for (@k=1;@k<=size(fac[1]);@k++)
  {
    @h=ann[1]/(fac[1][@k]^fac[2][@k]);
    result =result+list(list(std(quotient(@N,@h)), std(ann,fac[1][@k])));
  }
    return(result);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,z,dp;
  module N=z*gen(1),(z-1)*gen(2),(z+1)*gen(3);
  list l=dec1var(N);
  l;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// zeroOpt(N[,check[, ann]])
// a faster version of zeroMod
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc zeroOpt (module @N, list #)
"USAGE:   zeroOpt (N[, check]); zero-dimensional module N[, module check]
RETURN:  list l
         the minimal primary decomposition of a zero-dimensional module N,
         computed by a generalized and optimized version of the algorithm
         of Gianni, Trager and Zacharias
NOTE:    if the parameter check is given, only components
         not containing check are computed
EXAMPLE: example zeroMod; shows an example
"
{
  @N=interred(@N);
  attrib(@N,"isSB",1);

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the module check is needed to compute a minimal decomposition
  // components containing check are ignored
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ideal ann; module @M, check; int checked;
  (ann, check, @M, checked)=getData(@N, #);

  if (checked)
  {
    return(list());
  }
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the ordering is changed to lex
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  def BAS = basering;
  def @R=changeord("C,lp");
  setring @R;
  module @N=std(imap(BAS,@N));
  module @M=imap(BAS,@M);
  ideal ann=std(imap(BAS,ann));
  module check=imap(BAS,check);

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if(vdim(ann)==deg(ann[1]))           // if ann ist prime
  {
    list fact=factorize(ann[1],2);
    int k;ideal id;list result;
    module hilf;
    for(k=1;k<=size(fact[1]);k++)
    {
      id=ann;
      hilf=std(@N+(fact[1][k]^fact[2][k])*@M);
      id[1]=fact[1][k];
      if(size(NF(check,hilf,1))>0)
      {
        result=result+list(list(hilf,interred(id)));
      }
    }
    setring BAS;
    list result=imap(@R, result);
    kill @R;
    return(result);

  }


  if (homog(ann))                      // if ann is homogeneous
  {                                    // then radical(ann)=maxideal(1)
    if(size(NF(check,@N,1))>0)
    {
      setring BAS;
      kill @R;
      return (list(list(@N,maxideal(1))));
    }
    else
    {
      setring BAS;
      kill @R;
      return(list());
    }
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the random coordnate change and its inverse
  // furthermore the module is simplified using
  // N=N/(a*x_i+b)+(a*x_i+b)*M, for a*x_i+b in ann
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  int nVar=nvars(@R);
  int @k, @k1;
  list result, rest;
  ideal primary, prim;
  module primmod;
  ideal fried;
  intvec optionsVec=option(get);
  option(redSB);
  ideal prepMap = randomLast(100);
  ideal prepInv=maxideal(1);
  for(@k=1;@k<=size(ann);@k++)
  {
    if(deg(lead(ann[@k]))==1)
    {
      fried[size(fried)+1]=ann[@k];
    }
  }
  if(size(fried)==nVar)
  {
    return(list(list(@N, ann)));
  }
  if(size(fried)>0)
  {
    for(@k=1;@k<@k1;@k1++)
    {
      for(@k1=1;@k1<=size(fried);@k1++)
      {
        if(leadmonom(fried[@k1])==var(@k))
        {
          prepMap[@k]=var(@k)+((1/leadcoef(fried[@k1]))*(var(@k)-fried[@k1]));
          prepMap[nVar]=subst(prepMap[nVar],var(@k),0);
          prepInv[@k]=fried[@k1];
        }
      }
    }
  }
  map phi=@R,prepMap;
  prepInv[nVar]=2*var(nVar)-prepMap[nVar];
  map invphi=@R,prepInv;
  ideal @j=std(phi(ann));         // factorization of the 1st elt. in Ann(@N)
  list fac = factorize(@j[1],2);

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Case: 1st element irreducible
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  if(size(fac[2])==1)
  {
    prim=primaryTest(@j,fac[1][1]);
    prim=invphi(prim);
    setring BAS;
    @N=std(@N);
    ideal prim =imap(@R,prim);
    kill @R;
    if(prim!=0)
    {
      return(list(list(@N,prim)));
    }
    else
    {
      return(zeroOpt(@N,check));
    }
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Computation of the - hopefully primary - modules
  // their annihilators and associated primes
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  poly @p, @h;
  for (@k=1;@k<=size(fac[1]);@k++)
  {
    @p=fac[1][@k]^fac[2][@k];
    @h=@j[1]/@p;
    primmod=std(quotient(phi(@N),@h));
    check=phi(check);
    if (size(NF(check,primmod,1))>0)
    {
      primary=std(@j+@p);
      // test if the modules were primary and in general position
      prim=primTest(primary,fac[1][@k]);
      if(size(prim)==0)
      {
        prim=primaryTest(primary,fac[1][@k]);
      }
      if (prim==0)
      {
        rest[size(rest)+1]=invphi(primmod);
      }
      else
      {
        result[size(result)+1]=list(std(invphi(primmod)),std(invphi(prim)));
      }
    }
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // the bad cases
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  for (@k=1; @k<=size(rest);@k++)
  {
    result = result+zeroOpt(rest[@k],check);
  }
  option (set,optionsVec);
  if(size(result)==0)
  {
    setring BAS;
    kill @R;
    return(list());
  }
  setring BAS;
  list result=imap(@R, result);
  kill @R;

  return(result);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
  ring r=0,z,dp;
  module N=z*gen(1),(z-1)*gen(2),(z+1)*gen(3);
  list l=zeroOpt(N);
  l;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// clrSBmod(N)
// Generalization of clearSB from primdec.lib
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static proc clrSBmod (module @N)
"USAGE:   clrSBmod(N); N module which is SB ordered by monomial ordering
RETURN:  module = minimal SB
EXAMPLE: example clrSBmod; shows an example
"
{
  int @k,@j;
  list Nsizes;
  for (@k=1;@k<=size(@N);@k++)
  {
    Nsizes[@k]=size(@N[@k]);
  }
  module leadVec;
  int szN=size(@N);
  @j=0;
  while(@j<szN-1)
  {
    @j++;
    if(deg(@N[@j])>0)
    {
      leadVec=lead(@N[@j]);
      attrib(leadVec,"isSB",1);
      for(@k=@j+1;@k<=szN;@k++)
      {
        if(size(NF(lead(@N[@k]),leadVec,1))==0)
        {
          if((leadexp(leadVec[1])!=leadexp(@N[@k]))||(Nsizes[@j]<=Nsizes[@k]))
          {
            @N[@k]=0;
          }
          else
          {
            @N[@j]=0;
             break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return(simplify(@N,2));
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ring  r = (0,a,b),(x,y,z),dp;
   module N1=ax2+y,a2x+y,bx;
   module N2=clrSBmod(N1);
   N2;
}


/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// minSatMod(N, id)
// Generalization of minsat from primdec.lib
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static proc minSatMod(module Nnew, ideal @h)
"USAGE:   minSatMod(N, I); module N, ideal I
RETURN:  list with 2 elements:
         [1]=sat(N,product(I))[1],
         [2]=p, the polynomial of minimal degree s.th. [1]=quotient(N,p)
EXAMPLE: example minSatMod; shows an example
"
{
   int @i,@k;
   poly @f=1;
   module Nold;
   ideal fac;
   list quotM,@l;

   for(@i=1;@i<=ncols(@h);@i++)
   {
      if(deg(@h[@i])>0)
      {
         fac=fac+factorize(@h[@i],1);
      }
   }
   fac=simplify(fac,4);
   if(size(fac)==0)
   {
      @l=Nnew,1;
      return(@l);
   }
   fac=sort(fac)[1];
   for(@i=1;@i<=size(fac);@i++)
   {
      @f=@f*fac[@i];
   }
   quotM[1]=Nnew;
   quotM[2]=fac;
   quotM[3]=@f;
   @f=1;
   while(specialModulesEqual(Nold,quotM[1])==0)
   {
      if(@k>0)
      {
         @f=@f*quotM[3];
      }
      Nold=quotM[1];
      quotM=quotMinMod(quotM);
      @k++;
   }
   @l=quotM[1],@f;
   return(@l);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ring  r = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
   module N=xy*gen(1);
   ideal h=yz,z2;
   list l=minSatMod(N,h);
   l;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// quotMinMod(N, fac, f)
// Generalization of quotMin from primdec.lib
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc quotMinMod(list tsil)
{
   int @i,@j,action;
   module verg;
   list @l;
   poly @g;
   intvec optionsVec;

   module laedi=tsil[1];
   ideal fac=tsil[2];
   poly @f=tsil[3];
   optionsVec=option(get);
   option(returnSB);
   module star=quotient(laedi,@f);
   option(set,optionsVec);
   if(specialModulesEqual(star,laedi))
   {
      @l=star,fac,@f;
      return(@l);
   }

   action=1;
   while(action==1)
   {
      if(size(fac)==1)
      {
         action=0;
         break;
      }
      for(@i=1;@i<=size(fac);@i++)
      {
        @g=1;
        verg=laedi;

         for(@j=1;@j<=size(fac);@j++)
         {
            if(@i!=@j)
            {
               @g=@g*fac[@j];
            }
         }
         optionsVec=option(get);
         option(returnSB);
         verg=quotient(laedi,@g);
         option(set,optionsVec);
         if(specialModulesEqual(verg,star)==1)
         {
            @f=@g;
            fac[@i]=0;
            fac=simplify(fac,2);
            break;
         }

         if(@i==size(fac))
         {
            action=0;
         }
      }
   }
   @l=star,fac,@f;
   return(@l);
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// specialModulesEqual(N1,N2)
// Generalization of specialIdealsEqual from primdec.lib
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static proc specialModulesEqual( module k1, module k2)
"USAGE:   specialModulesEqual(N1, N2) N1, N2 standard bases of modules,
         s.th. N1 is contained in N2 or vice versa
RETURN:  int i
         if (N1==N2) then i=1
         else i=0
EXAMPLE: example specialModulesEqual; shows an example
"
{
   int @j;

   if(size(k1)==size(k2))
   {
      for(@j=1;@j<=size(k1);@j++)
      {
         if(leadexp(k1[@j])!=leadexp(k2[@j]))
         {
            return(0);
         }
      }
      return(1);
   }
   return(0);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ring  r = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
   module N1=x*freemodule(2);
   module N2=xy*freemodule(2);
   int i=specialModulesEqual(N1,N2);
   i;

   N2=N1;
   i=specialModulesEqual(N1,N2);
   i;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// sat2mod(N,i)
// Generalization of sat2 from primdec.lib
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

proc sat2mod (module id, ideal h1)
"USAGE:   sat2mod(id,j);  id ideal, j polynomial
RETURN:  saturation of id with respect to j (= union_(k=1...) of id:j^k)
NOTE:    result is a std basis in the basering
"
{
   int @k,@i;
   def @P= basering;
   if(ordstr(basering)[1,2]!="dp")
   {
      execute("ring @Phelp=("+charstr(@P)+"),("+varstr(@P)+"),(C,dp);");
      module inew=std(imap(@P,id));
      ideal  @h=imap(@P,h1);
   }
   else
   {
      ideal @h=h1;
      module inew=std(id);
   }
   ideal fac;

   for(@i=1;@i<=ncols(@h);@i++)
   {
     if(deg(@h[@i])>0)
     {
        fac=fac+factorize(@h[@i],1);
     }
   }
   fac=simplify(fac,4);
   poly @f=1;
   if(deg(fac[1])>0)
   {
      module iold;

      for(@i=1;@i<=size(fac);@i++)
      {
        @f=@f*fac[@i];
      }
      intvec optionsVec=option(get)
      option(returnSB);
      while(specialModulesEqual(iold,inew)==0 )
      {
         iold=inew;
         if(deg(iold[size(iold)])!=1)
         {
            inew=quotient(iold,@f);
         }
         else
         {
            inew=iold;
         }
         @k++;
      }
      option(set,optionsVec);
      @k--;
   }

   if(ordstr(@P)[1,2]!="dp")
   {
      setring @P;
      module inew=std(imap(@Phelp,inew));
      poly @f=imap(@Phelp,@f);
   }
   list L =inew,@f^@k;
   return (L);
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// stdModulesEqual(N1,N2)
// Generalization of stdIdealsEqual from primdec.lib
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static proc stdModulesEqual(module k1, module k2)
"USAGE:   stdModulesEqual(N1, N2) N1, N2 standard bases of modules,
RETURN:  int i
         if (N1==N2) then i=1
         else i=0
EXAMPLE: example stdModulesEqual; shows an example
"
{
   int @j;

   if(size(k1)==size(k2))
   {
      for(@j=1;@j<=size(k1);@j++)
      {
         if(leadexp(k1[@j])!=leadexp(k2[@j]))
         {
            return(0);
         }
      }
      attrib(k2,"isSB",1);
      if(size(reduce(k1,k2,1))==0)
      {
         return(1);
      }
   }
   return(0);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ring  r = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
   module N1=x*freemodule(2);
   module N2=xy*freemodule(2);
   int i=stdModulesEqual(N1,N2);
   i;

   N2=N1;
   i=stdModulesEqual(N1,N2);
   i;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// ModulesEqual(N1,N2)
// Generalization of IdealsEqual from primdec.lib
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static proc modulesEqual( module @k, module @j)
"USAGE:   modulesEqual(N1, N2) N1, N2 modules,
RETURN:  int i
         if (N1==N2) then i=1
         else i=0
EXAMPLE: example modulesEqual; shows an example
"
{
   return(stdModulesEqual(std(@k),std(@j)));
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ring  r = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
   module N1=x*freemodule(2);
   module N2=xy*freemodule(2);
   int i=stdModulesEqual(N1,N2);
   i;

   N2=N1;
   i=modulesEqual(N1,N2);
   i;
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ring  r = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
   module N1=x*freemodule(2);
   module N2=xy*freemodule(2);
   int i=modulesEqual(N1,N2);
   i;

   N2=N1;
   i=modulesEqual(N1,N2);
   i;
}

static proc getData (module @N, list oldData, list #)
"USAGE:   getData(N, l[, noCheck]);  module N, list l[, int noCheck]
RETURN:  (ann, check, M, checked)
         ideal ann, module check, M, int checked

         if l[1] is contained in N [and noCheck is not given]
            then checked=1, ann=ideal(0), check=0, M=0;
         else checked=0, M=freemodule(nrows(N)); check=l[1]
            (resp. check=M if l is an empty list) and
            if size(l)>1 then  ann=l[2] else ann is the annihilator of M/N.

NOTE:    ann is a std basis in the basering
EXAMPLE: example getData; shows an example
"
{
  if (size(oldData)>0)
  {
    if ((size(#)==0)&&(size(NF(oldData[1],@N,1))==0))
    {
      return(ideal(0), 0 ,  0, 1);
    }
    module @M=freemodule(nrows(@N));
    if (size(oldData)>1)
    {
      ideal ann=oldData[2];
      attrib(ann,"isSB",1);
    }
    else
    {
      ideal ann=annil(@N);
    }
  }
  else
  {
   module @M=freemodule(nrows(@N));
   oldData[1]=@M;
   ideal ann=annil(@N);
  }
 return(ann, oldData[1], @M, 0);
}
example
{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
   ring  r = 0,(x,y,z),lp;
   module N=x*gen(1),y*gen(2);
   N=std(N);
   ideal ann; module check, M; int checked; list l;
   (ann, check, M, checked)=getData(N,l);
   ann; check; M; checked;

   l=list(check,ann);
   (ann, check, M, checked)=getData(N,l);
   ann; check; M; checked;

   l=list(N);
   (ann, check, M, checked)=getData(N,l);
   ann; check; M; checked;
}