1 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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2 | version="$Id$"; |
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3 | category="Noncommutative"; |
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4 | info=" |
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5 | LIBRARY: nctools.lib General tools for noncommutative algebras |
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6 | AUTHORS: Levandovskyy V., levandov@mathematik.uni-kl.de, |
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7 | @* Lobillo, F.J., jlobillo@ugr.es, |
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8 | @* Rabelo, C., crabelo@ugr.es, |
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9 | @* Motsak, O., U@D, where U={motsak}, D={mathematik.uni-kl.de} |
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10 | |
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11 | |
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12 | OVERVIEW: |
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13 | Support: DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft) and Metodos algebraicos y efectivos |
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14 | en grupos cuanticos, BFM2001-3141, MCYT, Jose Gomez-Torrecillas (Main researcher). |
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15 | |
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16 | PROCEDURES: |
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17 | Gweights(r); compute weights for a compatible ordering in a G-algebra, |
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18 | weightedRing(r); change the ordering of a ring to a weighted one, |
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19 | ndcond(); the ideal of non-degeneracy conditions in G-algebra, |
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20 | Weyl([p]); create Weyl algebra structure in a basering (two different realizations), |
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21 | makeWeyl(n, [p]); return n-th Weyl algebra in (x(i),D(i)) presentation, |
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22 | makeHeisenberg(N, [p,d]); return n-th Heisenberg algebra in (x(i),y(i),h) realization, |
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23 | Exterior(); return qring, the exterior algebra of a basering, |
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24 | findimAlgebra(M,[r]); create finite dimensional algebra structure from the basering and the multiplication matrix M, |
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25 | superCommutative([b,e,Q]); return qring, a super-commutative algebra over a basering, |
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26 | rightStd(I); compute right Groebner basis of an ideal, |
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27 | rightNF(f,I); compute right normal form wrt a submodule, |
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28 | rightModulo(M,N); compute kernel of a homomorphism of right modules, |
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29 | moduloSlim(A,B); compute modulo command via slimgb |
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30 | ncRelations(r); recover the non-commutative relations of a G-algebra, |
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31 | isCentral(p); check for the commutativity of a polynomial in the G-algebra, |
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32 | isNC(); check whether basering is noncommutative, |
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33 | isCommutative(); check whether basering is commutative |
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34 | isWeyl(); check whether basering is a Weyl algebra |
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35 | UpOneMatrix(); return NxN matrix with 1's in the whole upper triagle, |
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36 | AltVarStart(); return first alternating variable of a super-commutative algebra, |
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37 | AltVarEnd(); return last alternating variable of a super-commutative algebra, |
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38 | IsSCA(); check whether current ring is a super-commutative algebra |
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39 | makeModElimRing(R); equip a ring with module elimination ordering |
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40 | "; |
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41 | |
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42 | |
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43 | LIB "ring.lib"; // for rootofUnity |
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44 | LIB "poly.lib"; // for newtonDiag |
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45 | LIB "matrix.lib"; // for submat |
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46 | |
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47 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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48 | |
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49 | // This procedure computes a weights vector for a G-algebra r |
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50 | |
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51 | proc Gweights(def r) |
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52 | "USAGE: Gweights(r); r a ring or a square matrix |
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53 | RETURN: intvec |
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54 | PURPOSE: compute an appropriate weight int vector for a G-algebra, i.e., such that |
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55 | \foral\;i<j\;\;lm_w(d_{ij}) <_w x_i x_j. |
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56 | @* the polynomials d_{ij} are taken from r itself, if it is of the type ring |
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57 | @* or defined by the given square polynomial matrix |
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58 | THEORY: @code{Gweights} returns an integer vector, whose weighting should be used to redefine the G-algebra in order |
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59 | to get the same non-commutative structure w.r.t. a weighted ordering. If the input is a matrix and the output is the zero |
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60 | vector then there is not a G-algebra structure associated to these relations with respect to the given variables. |
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61 | @*Another possibility is to use @code{weightedRing} to obtain directly a G-algebra with the new appropriate (weighted) ordering. |
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62 | EXAMPLE: example Gweights; shows examples |
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63 | SEE ALSO: weightedRing |
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64 | "{ |
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65 | int novalid=0; |
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66 | if (typeof(r)=="ring") //a ring is admissible as input |
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67 | { |
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68 | setring r; |
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69 | matrix tails; |
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70 | def l = ncRelations(r); |
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71 | tails = l[2]; // l=C,D we need D, the tails of the relations |
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72 | } |
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73 | else |
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74 | { |
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75 | matrix tails; |
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76 | if ( (typeof(r)=="matrix") || (typeof(r)=="intmat") ) |
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77 | { |
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78 | if ( nrows(r)==ncols(r) ) //the input is a square matrix |
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79 | { |
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80 | tails = matrix(r); |
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81 | } |
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82 | else |
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83 | { |
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84 | novalid = 1; |
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85 | } |
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86 | } |
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87 | else |
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88 | { |
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89 | novalid=1; |
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90 | } |
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91 | } |
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92 | if (novalid==0) |
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93 | { |
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94 | intmat IM = SimplMat(tails); |
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95 | if ( size(IM)>1 ) |
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96 | { |
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97 | int n = ncols(tails); |
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98 | int m = nrows(IM)-1; |
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99 | int m1 = 0; |
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100 | int m2 = m; |
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101 | int m3 = 0; |
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102 | ring simplexring=(real,10),(x),lp;// The simplex procedure requires a basering of this type |
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103 | matrix M = IM; |
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104 | list sol = simplex (M,m,n,m1,m2,m3); |
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105 | return(weightvector(sol)); |
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106 | } |
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107 | else |
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108 | { |
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109 | "Invalid input"; //usually because the input is a one variable ring |
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110 | return(); |
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111 | } |
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112 | } |
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113 | else |
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114 | { |
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115 | "The input must be a ring or a square matrix"; |
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116 | return(); |
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117 | } |
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118 | } |
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119 | example |
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120 | { |
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121 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
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122 | ring r = (0,q),(a,b,c,d),lp; |
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123 | matrix C[4][4]; |
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124 | C[1,2]=q; C[1,3]=q; C[1,4]=1; C[2,3]=1; C[2,4]=q; C[3,4]=q; |
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125 | matrix D[4][4]; |
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126 | D[1,4]=(q-1/q)*b*c; |
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127 | def S = nc_algebra(C,D); setring S; S; |
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128 | Gweights(S); |
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129 | def D=fetch(r,D); |
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130 | Gweights(D); |
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131 | } |
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132 | |
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133 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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134 | |
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135 | // This procedure take a ring r, call to Gweights(r) and use the output |
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136 | // of Gweights(r) to make a change of order in r |
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137 | // The output is a new ring, equal to r but the order |
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138 | // r must be a G-algebra |
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139 | |
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140 | proc weightedRing(def r) |
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141 | "USAGE: weightedRing(r); r a ring |
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142 | RETURN: ring |
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143 | PURPOSE: equip the variables of the given ring with weights such that the relations of new ring (with weighted variables) satisfies the ordering condition for G-algebras: |
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144 | e.g. \forall\;i<j\;\;lm_w(d_{ij})<_w x_i x_j. |
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145 | NOTE: activate this ring with the \"setring\" command |
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146 | EXAMPLE: example weightedRing; shows examples |
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147 | SEE ALSO: Gweights |
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148 | "{ |
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149 | def wv=Gweights(r); |
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150 | if (typeof(wv)=="intvec") |
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151 | { |
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152 | setring r; |
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153 | int n=nvars(r); |
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154 | // Generating an nxn-intmat order |
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155 | intmat m[n][n]; |
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156 | m[1,1]=wv[1]; |
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157 | int i; |
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158 | for (i=2; i<=n; i++) |
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159 | { |
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160 | m[1,i]=wv[i]; |
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161 | m[i,n+2-i]=1; |
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162 | } |
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163 | // End of generation. |
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164 | def lr=ncRelations(r); |
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165 | string newringstring="ring newring=("+charstr(r)+"),("+varstr(r)+"),M("+string(m)+")"; |
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166 | execute (newringstring); |
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167 | def lnewring=imap(r,lr); |
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168 | return( nc_algebra(lnewring[1],lnewring[2]) ); |
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169 | } |
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170 | else |
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171 | { |
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172 | "Invalid input.";//usually because the input is a one variable ring |
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173 | return(); |
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174 | } |
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175 | } |
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176 | example |
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177 | { |
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178 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
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179 | ring r = (0,q),(a,b,c,d),lp; |
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180 | matrix C[4][4]; |
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181 | C[1,2]=q; C[1,3]=q; C[1,4]=1; C[2,3]=1; C[2,4]=q; C[3,4]=q; |
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182 | matrix D[4][4]; |
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183 | D[1,4]=(q-1/q)*b*c; |
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184 | def S = nc_algebra(C,D); setring S; S; |
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185 | def t=weightedRing(S); |
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186 | setring t; t; |
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187 | } |
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188 | |
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189 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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190 | |
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191 | // This procedure computes ei+ej-f with f running in Newton(pij) and deletes the zero rows |
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192 | |
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193 | static proc Cij(intmat M, int i,j) |
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194 | { |
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195 | M=(-1)*M; |
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196 | int nc=ncols(M); |
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197 | intvec N; |
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198 | int k; |
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199 | for (k=1; k<=nrows(M); k++) |
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200 | { |
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201 | M[k,i]=M[k,i]+1; |
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202 | M[k,j]=M[k,j]+1; |
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203 | if (intvec(M[k,1..nc])!=0) |
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204 | { |
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205 | N=N,intvec(M[k,1..nc]); |
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206 | } // we only want non-zero rows |
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207 | } |
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208 | if (size(N)>1) |
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209 | { |
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210 | N=N[2..size(N)]; // Deleting the zero added in the definition of N |
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211 | M=intmat(N,size(N)/nc,nc); // Conversion from vector to matrix |
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212 | } |
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213 | else |
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214 | { |
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215 | intmat M[1][1]=0; |
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216 | } |
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217 | return (M); |
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218 | } |
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219 | |
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220 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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221 | |
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222 | // This procedure run over the matrix of pij calculating Cij |
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223 | |
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224 | static proc Ct(matrix P) |
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225 | { |
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226 | int k = ncols(P); |
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227 | intvec T = 0; |
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228 | int i,j; |
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229 | // int notails=1; |
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230 | def S; |
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231 | for (j=2; j<=k; j++) |
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232 | { |
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233 | for (i=1; i<j; i++) |
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234 | { |
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235 | if ( P[i,j] != 0 ) |
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236 | { |
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237 | // notails=0; |
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238 | S = newtonDiag(P[i,j]); |
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239 | S = Cij(S,i,j); |
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240 | if ( size(S)>1 ) |
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241 | { |
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242 | T = T,S; |
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243 | } |
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244 | } |
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245 | } |
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246 | } |
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247 | if ( size(T)==1 ) |
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248 | { |
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249 | intmat C[1][1] = 0; |
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250 | } |
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251 | else |
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252 | { |
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253 | T=T[2..size(T)]; // Deleting the zero added in the definition of T |
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254 | intmat C = intmat(T,size(T)/k,k); // Conversion from vector to matrix |
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255 | } |
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256 | return (C); |
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257 | } |
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258 | |
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259 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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260 | |
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261 | // The purpose of this procedure is to produce the input matrix required by simplex procedure |
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262 | |
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263 | static proc SimplMat(matrix P) |
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264 | { |
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265 | intmat C=Ct(P); |
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266 | if (size(C)>1) |
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267 | { |
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268 | int r = nrows(C); |
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269 | int n = ncols(C); |
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270 | int f = 1+n+r; |
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271 | intmat M[f][n+1]=0; |
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272 | int i; |
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273 | for (i=2; i<=(n+1); i++) |
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274 | { |
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275 | M[1,i]=-1; // (0,-1,-1,-1,...) objective function in the first row |
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276 | } |
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277 | for (i=2; i<=f; i++) {M[i,1]=1;} // All the independent terms are 1 |
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278 | for (i=2; i<=(n+1); i++) {M[i,i]=-1;} // wi>=1 is an identity matrix |
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279 | M[(n+2)..f,2..(n+1)]=(-1)*intvec(C); // <wi,a> >= 1, a in C ... |
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280 | } |
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281 | else |
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282 | { |
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283 | int n = ncols(P); |
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284 | int f = 1+n; |
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285 | intmat M[f][n+1]=0; |
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286 | int i; |
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287 | for (i=2; i<=(n+1); i++) {M[1,i]=-1;} // (0,-1,-1,-1,...) objective function in the first row |
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288 | for (i=2; i<=f; i++) {M[i,1]=1;} // All the independent terms are 1 |
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289 | for (i=2; i<=(n+1); i++) {M[i,i]=-1;} // wi>=1 is an identity matrix |
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290 | } |
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291 | return (M); |
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292 | } |
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293 | |
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294 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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295 | |
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296 | // This procedure generates a nice output of the simplex method consisting of a vector |
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297 | // with the solutions. The vector is ordered. |
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298 | |
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299 | static proc weightvector(list l) |
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300 | "ASSUME: l is the output of simplex. |
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301 | RETURN: if there is a solution, an intvec with it will be returned" |
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302 | { |
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303 | matrix m=l[1]; |
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304 | intvec nv=l[3]; |
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305 | int sol=l[2]; |
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306 | int rows=nrows(m); |
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307 | int N=l[6]; |
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308 | intmat wv[1][N]=0; |
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309 | int i; |
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310 | if (sol) |
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311 | { |
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312 | "no solution satisfies the given constraints"; |
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313 | } |
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314 | else |
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315 | { |
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316 | for ( i = 2; i <= rows; i++ ) |
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317 | { |
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318 | if ( nv[i-1] <= N ) |
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319 | { |
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320 | wv[1,nv[i-1]]=int(m[i,1]); |
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321 | } |
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322 | } |
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323 | } |
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324 | return (intvec(wv)); |
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325 | } |
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326 | |
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327 | |
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328 | |
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329 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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330 | |
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331 | // This procedure recover the non-conmutative relations (matrices C and D) |
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332 | |
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333 | proc ncRelations(def r) |
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334 | "USAGE: ncRelations(r); r a ring |
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335 | RETURN: list L with two elements, both elements are of type matrix: |
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336 | @* L[1] = matrix of coefficients C, |
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337 | @* L[2] = matrix of polynomials D |
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338 | PURPOSE: recover the noncommutative relations via matrices C and D from |
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339 | a noncommutative ring |
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340 | SEE ALSO: ringlist, G-algebras |
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341 | EXAMPLE: example ncRelations; shows examples |
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342 | "{ |
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343 | list l; |
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344 | if (typeof(r)=="ring") |
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345 | { |
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346 | int n=nvars(r); |
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347 | matrix C[n][n]=0; |
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348 | matrix D[n][n]=0; |
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349 | poly f; poly g; |
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350 | if (n>1) |
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351 | { |
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352 | int i,j; |
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353 | for (i=2; i<=n; i++) |
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354 | { |
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355 | for (j=1; j<i; j++) |
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356 | { |
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357 | f=var(i)*var(j); // yx=c*xy+... |
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358 | g=var(j)*var(i); // xy |
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359 | while (C[j,i]==0) |
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360 | { |
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361 | if (leadmonom(f)==leadmonom(g)) |
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362 | { |
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363 | C[j,i]=leadcoef(f); |
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364 | D[j,i]=D[j,i]+f-lead(f); |
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365 | } |
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366 | else |
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367 | { |
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368 | D[j,i]=D[j,i]+lead(f); |
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369 | f=f-lead(f); |
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370 | } |
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371 | } |
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372 | } |
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373 | } |
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374 | l=C,D; |
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375 | } |
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376 | else { "The ring must have two or more variables"; } |
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377 | } |
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378 | else { "The input must be of a type ring";} |
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379 | return (l); |
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380 | } |
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381 | example |
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382 | { |
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383 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
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384 | ring r = 0,(x,y,z),dp; |
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385 | matrix C[3][3]=0,1,2,0,0,-1,0,0,0; |
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386 | print(C); |
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387 | matrix D[3][3]=0,1,2y,0,0,-2x+y+1; |
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388 | print(D); |
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389 | def S=nc_algebra(C,D);setring S; S; |
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390 | def l=ncRelations(S); |
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391 | print (l[1]); |
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392 | print (l[2]); |
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393 | } |
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394 | |
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395 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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396 | |
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397 | proc findimAlgebra(matrix M, list #) |
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398 | "USAGE: findimAlgebra(M,[r]); M a matrix, r an optional ring |
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399 | RETURN: ring |
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400 | PURPOSE: define a finite dimensional algebra structure on a ring |
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401 | NOTE: the matrix M is used to define the relations x(i)*x(j) = M[i,j] in the |
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402 | basering (by default) or in the optional ring r. |
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403 | @* The procedure equips the ring with the noncommutative structure. |
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404 | @* The procedure exports the ideal (not a two-sided Groebner basis!), called @code{fdQuot}, for further qring definition. |
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405 | THEORY: finite dimensional algebra can be represented as a factor algebra |
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406 | of a G-algebra modulo certain two-sided ideal. The relations of a f.d. algebra are thus naturally divided into two groups: firstly, the relations |
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407 | on the variables of the ring, making it into G-algebra and the rest of them, which constitute the ideal which will be factored out. |
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408 | EXAMPLE: example findimAlgebra; shows examples |
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409 | " |
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410 | { |
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411 | if (size(#) >0) |
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412 | { |
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413 | if ( typeof(#[1])!="ring" ) { return();} |
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414 | else |
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415 | { |
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416 | def @R1 = #[1]; |
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417 | setring @R1; |
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418 | } |
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419 | } |
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420 | int i,j; |
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421 | int n=nvars(basering); |
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422 | poly p; |
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423 | ideal I; |
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424 | number c; |
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425 | matrix C[n][n]; |
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426 | matrix D[n][n]; |
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427 | for (i=1; i<=n; i++) |
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428 | { |
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429 | for (j=i; j<=n; j++) |
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430 | { |
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431 | p=var(i)*var(j)-M[i,j]; |
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432 | if ( (ncols(I)==1) && (I[1]==0) ) { I=p; } |
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433 | else { I=I,p; } |
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434 | if (j>i) |
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435 | { |
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436 | if ((M[i,j]!=0) && (M[j,i]!=0)) |
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437 | { |
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438 | c = leadcoef(M[j,i])/leadcoef(M[i,j]); |
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439 | } |
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440 | else |
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441 | { |
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442 | c = 1; |
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443 | } |
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444 | C[i,j]=c; |
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445 | D[i,j]= M[j,i] -c*M[i,j]; |
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446 | } |
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447 | } |
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448 | } |
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449 | def save = basering; |
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450 | def S = nc_algebra(C,D); setring S; |
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451 | ideal fdQuot = fetch(save,I); |
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452 | export fdQuot; |
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453 | return(S); |
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454 | } |
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455 | example |
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456 | { |
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457 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
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458 | ring r=(0,a,b),(x(1..3)),dp; |
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459 | matrix S[3][3]; |
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460 | S[2,3]=a*x(1); S[3,2]=-b*x(1); |
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461 | def A=findimAlgebra(S); setring A; |
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462 | fdQuot = twostd(fdQuot); |
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463 | qring Qr = fdQuot; |
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464 | Qr; |
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465 | } |
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466 | |
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467 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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468 | |
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469 | proc isCentral(poly p, list #) |
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470 | "USAGE: isCentral(p); p poly |
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471 | RETURN: int, 1 if p commutes with all variables and 0 otherwise |
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472 | PURPOSE: check whether p is central in a basering (that is, commutes with every generator of the ring) |
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473 | NOTE: if @code{printlevel} > 0, the procedure displays intermediate information (by default, @code{printlevel}=0 ) |
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474 | EXAMPLE: example isCentral; shows examples |
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475 | "{ |
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476 | //v an integer (with v!=0, procedure will be verbose) |
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477 | int N = nvars(basering); |
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478 | int in; |
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479 | int flag = 1; |
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480 | poly q = 0; |
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481 | for (in=1; in<=N; in++) |
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482 | { |
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483 | q = p*var(in)-var(in)*p; |
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484 | if (q!=0) |
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485 | { |
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486 | if ( (size(#) >0 ) || (printlevel>0) ) |
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487 | { |
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488 | "Non-central at:", var(in); |
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489 | } |
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490 | flag = 0; |
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491 | } |
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492 | } |
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493 | return(flag); |
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494 | } |
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495 | example |
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496 | { |
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497 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
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498 | ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp; |
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499 | matrix D[3][3]=0; |
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500 | D[1,2]=-z; |
---|
501 | D[1,3]=2*x; |
---|
502 | D[2,3]=-2*y; |
---|
503 | def S = nc_algebra(1,D); setring S; |
---|
504 | S; // this is U(sl_2) |
---|
505 | poly c = 4*x*y+z^2-2*z; |
---|
506 | printlevel = 0; |
---|
507 | isCentral(c); |
---|
508 | poly h = x*c; |
---|
509 | printlevel = 1; |
---|
510 | isCentral(h); |
---|
511 | } |
---|
512 | |
---|
513 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
514 | |
---|
515 | proc UpOneMatrix(int N) |
---|
516 | "USAGE: UpOneMatrix(n); n an integer |
---|
517 | RETURN: intmat |
---|
518 | PURPOSE: compute an n x n matrix with 1's in the whole upper triangle |
---|
519 | NOTE: helpful for setting noncommutative algebras with complicated |
---|
520 | coefficient matrices |
---|
521 | EXAMPLE: example UpOneMatrix; shows examples |
---|
522 | "{ |
---|
523 | int ii,jj; |
---|
524 | intmat U[N][N]=0; |
---|
525 | for (ii=1;ii<N;ii++) |
---|
526 | { |
---|
527 | for (jj=ii+1;jj<=N;jj++) |
---|
528 | { |
---|
529 | U[ii,jj]=1; |
---|
530 | } |
---|
531 | } |
---|
532 | return(U); |
---|
533 | } |
---|
534 | example |
---|
535 | { |
---|
536 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
---|
537 | ring r = (0,q),(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
538 | matrix C = UpOneMatrix(3); |
---|
539 | C[1,3] = q; |
---|
540 | print(C); |
---|
541 | def S = nc_algebra(C,0); setring S; |
---|
542 | S; |
---|
543 | } |
---|
544 | |
---|
545 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
546 | proc ndcond(list #) |
---|
547 | "USAGE: ndcond(); |
---|
548 | RETURN: ideal |
---|
549 | PURPOSE: compute the non-degeneracy conditions of the basering |
---|
550 | NOTE: if @code{printlevel} > 0, the procedure displays intermediate information (by default, @code{printlevel}=0 ) |
---|
551 | EXAMPLE: example ndcond; shows examples |
---|
552 | " |
---|
553 | { |
---|
554 | // internal documentation, for tests etc |
---|
555 | // 1st arg: v an optional integer (if v!=0, will be verbose) |
---|
556 | // if the second argument is given, produces ndc w.r.t. powers x^N |
---|
557 | int N = 1; |
---|
558 | int Verbose = 0; |
---|
559 | if ( size(#)>=1 ) { Verbose = int(#[1]); } |
---|
560 | if ( size(#)>=2 ) { N = int(#[2]); } |
---|
561 | Verbose = ((Verbose) || (printlevel>0)); |
---|
562 | int cnt = 1; |
---|
563 | int numvars = nvars(basering); |
---|
564 | int a,b,c; |
---|
565 | poly p = 1; |
---|
566 | ideal res = 0; |
---|
567 | for (cnt=1; cnt<=N; cnt++) |
---|
568 | { |
---|
569 | if (Verbose) { "Processing degree :",cnt;} |
---|
570 | for (a=1; a<=numvars-2; a++) |
---|
571 | { |
---|
572 | for (b=a+1; b<=numvars-1; b++) |
---|
573 | { |
---|
574 | for(c=b+1; c<=numvars; c++) |
---|
575 | { |
---|
576 | p = (var(c)^cnt)*(var(b)^cnt); |
---|
577 | p = p*(var(a)^cnt); |
---|
578 | p = p-(var(c)^cnt)*((var(b)^cnt)*(var(a)^cnt)); |
---|
579 | if (Verbose) {a,".",b,".",c,".";} |
---|
580 | if (p!=0) |
---|
581 | { |
---|
582 | if ( res==0 ) |
---|
583 | { |
---|
584 | res[1] = p; |
---|
585 | } |
---|
586 | else |
---|
587 | { |
---|
588 | res = res,p; |
---|
589 | } |
---|
590 | if (Verbose) { "failed:",p; } |
---|
591 | } |
---|
592 | } |
---|
593 | } |
---|
594 | } |
---|
595 | if (Verbose) { "done"; } |
---|
596 | } |
---|
597 | return(res); |
---|
598 | } |
---|
599 | example |
---|
600 | { |
---|
601 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
---|
602 | ring r = (0,q1,q2),(x,y,z),dp; |
---|
603 | matrix C[3][3]; |
---|
604 | C[1,2]=q2; C[1,3]=q1; C[2,3]=1; |
---|
605 | matrix D[3][3]; |
---|
606 | D[1,2]=x; D[1,3]=z; |
---|
607 | def S = nc_algebra(C,D); setring S; |
---|
608 | S; |
---|
609 | ideal j=ndcond(); // the silent version |
---|
610 | j; |
---|
611 | printlevel=1; |
---|
612 | ideal i=ndcond(); // the verbose version |
---|
613 | i; |
---|
614 | } |
---|
615 | |
---|
616 | |
---|
617 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
618 | proc Weyl(list #) |
---|
619 | "USAGE: Weyl() |
---|
620 | RETURN: ring |
---|
621 | PURPOSE: create a Weyl algebra structure on the basering |
---|
622 | NOTE: Activate this ring using the command @code{setring}. |
---|
623 | @*Assume the number of variables of a basering is 2k. |
---|
624 | (if the number of variables is odd, an error message will be returned) |
---|
625 | @* by default, the procedure treats first k variables as coordinates x_i and the last k as differentials d_i |
---|
626 | @* if a non-zero optional argument is given, the procedure treats 2k variables of a basering as k pairs (x_i,d_i), i.e. variables with odd numbers are treated as coordinates and with even numbers as differentials |
---|
627 | SEE ALSO: makeWeyl |
---|
628 | EXAMPLE: example Weyl; shows examples |
---|
629 | " |
---|
630 | { |
---|
631 | //there are two possibilities for choosing the PBW basis. |
---|
632 | //The variables have names x(i) for coordinates and d(i) for partial |
---|
633 | // differentiations. By default, the procedure |
---|
634 | //creates a ring, where the variables are ordered as x(1..n),d(1..n). the |
---|
635 | // tensor product-like realization x(1),d(1),x(2),d(2),... is used. |
---|
636 | string rname=nameof(basering); |
---|
637 | if ( rname == "basering") // i.e. no ring has been set yet |
---|
638 | { |
---|
639 | "You have to call the procedure from the ring"; |
---|
640 | return(); |
---|
641 | } |
---|
642 | int @chr = 0; |
---|
643 | if ( size(#) > 0 ) |
---|
644 | { |
---|
645 | if ( typeof( #[1] ) == "int" ) |
---|
646 | { |
---|
647 | @chr = #[1]; |
---|
648 | } |
---|
649 | } |
---|
650 | int nv = nvars(basering); |
---|
651 | int N = nv div 2; |
---|
652 | if ((nv % 2) != 0) |
---|
653 | { |
---|
654 | "Cannot create Weyl structure for an odd number of generators"; |
---|
655 | return(); |
---|
656 | } |
---|
657 | matrix @D[nv][nv]; |
---|
658 | int i; |
---|
659 | for ( i=1; i<=N; i++ ) |
---|
660 | { |
---|
661 | if ( @chr==0 ) // default |
---|
662 | { |
---|
663 | @D[i,N+i]=1; |
---|
664 | } |
---|
665 | else |
---|
666 | { |
---|
667 | @D[2*i-1,2*i]=1; |
---|
668 | } |
---|
669 | } |
---|
670 | def @R = nc_algebra(1,@D); |
---|
671 | return(@R); |
---|
672 | } |
---|
673 | example |
---|
674 | { |
---|
675 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
---|
676 | ring A1=0,(x(1..2),d(1..2)),dp; |
---|
677 | def S=Weyl(); |
---|
678 | setring S; S; |
---|
679 | kill A1,S; |
---|
680 | ring B1=0,(x1,d1,x2,d2),dp; |
---|
681 | def S=Weyl(1); |
---|
682 | setring S; S; |
---|
683 | } |
---|
684 | |
---|
685 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
686 | proc makeHeisenberg(int N, list #) |
---|
687 | "USAGE: makeHeisenberg(n, [p,d]); int n (setting 2n+1 variables), optional int p (field characteristic), optional int d (power of h in the commutator) |
---|
688 | RETURN: ring |
---|
689 | PURPOSE: create the n-th Heisenberg algebra in the variables x(1),y(1),...,x(n),y(n),h over the rationals Q or F_p with the relations |
---|
690 | \forall\;i\in\{1,2,\ldots,n\}\;\;y(j)x(i) = x(i)y(j)+h^d. |
---|
691 | SEE ALSO: makeWeyl |
---|
692 | NOTE: activate this ring with the @code{setring} command |
---|
693 | @* If p is not prime, the next larger prime number will be used. |
---|
694 | EXAMPLE: example makeHeisenberg; shows examples |
---|
695 | " |
---|
696 | { |
---|
697 | int @chr = 0; |
---|
698 | int @deg = 1; |
---|
699 | if ( size(#) > 0 ) |
---|
700 | { |
---|
701 | if ( typeof( #[1] ) == "int" ) |
---|
702 | { |
---|
703 | @chr = #[1]; |
---|
704 | } |
---|
705 | } |
---|
706 | if ( size(#) > 1 ) |
---|
707 | { |
---|
708 | if ( typeof( #[2] ) == "int" ) |
---|
709 | { |
---|
710 | @deg = #[2]; |
---|
711 | if (@deg <1) { @deg = 1; } |
---|
712 | } |
---|
713 | } |
---|
714 | ring @@r=@chr,(x(1..N),y(1..N),h),lp; |
---|
715 | matrix D[2*N+1][2*N+1]; |
---|
716 | int i; |
---|
717 | for (i=1;i<=N;i++) |
---|
718 | { |
---|
719 | D[i,N+i]=h^@deg; |
---|
720 | } |
---|
721 | return(nc_algebra(1,D)); |
---|
722 | } |
---|
723 | example |
---|
724 | { |
---|
725 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
---|
726 | def a = makeHeisenberg(2); |
---|
727 | setring a; a; |
---|
728 | def H3 = makeHeisenberg(3, 7, 2); |
---|
729 | setring H3; H3; |
---|
730 | } |
---|
731 | |
---|
732 | |
---|
733 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
734 | proc superCommutative(list #) |
---|
735 | "USAGE: superCommutative([b,[e, [Q]]]); |
---|
736 | RETURN: qring |
---|
737 | PURPOSE: create a super-commutative algebra (as a GR-algebra) over a basering, |
---|
738 | NOTE: activate this qring with the \"setring\" command. |
---|
739 | NOTE: if b==e then the resulting ring is commutative. |
---|
740 | @* By default, @code{b=1, e=nvars(basering), Q=0}. |
---|
741 | THEORY: given a basering, this procedure introduces the anti-commutative relations |
---|
742 | @* var(j)var(i)=-var(i)var(j) for all e>=j>i>=b and creates the quotient |
---|
743 | @* of the anti-commutative algebra modulo the two-sided ideal, generated by |
---|
744 | @* x(b)^2, ..., x(e)^2[ + Q] |
---|
745 | DISPLAY: If @code{printlevel} > 1, warning debug messages will be printed |
---|
746 | EXAMPLE: example superCommutative; shows examples |
---|
747 | " |
---|
748 | { |
---|
749 | int fprot = (printlevel > 1); // (find(option(),"prot") != 0); |
---|
750 | |
---|
751 | string rname=nameof(basering); |
---|
752 | |
---|
753 | if ( rname == "basering") // i.e. no ring has been set yet |
---|
754 | { |
---|
755 | ERROR("You have to call the procedure from the ring"); |
---|
756 | return(); |
---|
757 | } |
---|
758 | |
---|
759 | def saveRing = basering; |
---|
760 | |
---|
761 | int N = nvars(saveRing); |
---|
762 | int b = 1; |
---|
763 | int e = N; |
---|
764 | int flag = 0; |
---|
765 | |
---|
766 | ideal Q = 0; |
---|
767 | |
---|
768 | if(size(#)>0) |
---|
769 | { |
---|
770 | if(typeof(#[1]) != "int") |
---|
771 | { |
---|
772 | ERROR("The argument 'b' must be an integer!"); |
---|
773 | return(); |
---|
774 | } |
---|
775 | b = #[1]; |
---|
776 | |
---|
777 | if((b < 1)||(b > N)) |
---|
778 | { |
---|
779 | ERROR("The argument 'b' must within [1..nvars(basering)]!"); |
---|
780 | return(); |
---|
781 | } |
---|
782 | |
---|
783 | } |
---|
784 | |
---|
785 | if(size(#)>1) |
---|
786 | { |
---|
787 | if(typeof(#[2]) != "int") |
---|
788 | { |
---|
789 | ERROR("The argument 'e' must be an integer!"); |
---|
790 | return(); |
---|
791 | } |
---|
792 | e = #[2]; |
---|
793 | |
---|
794 | if((e < 1)||(e > N)) |
---|
795 | { |
---|
796 | ERROR("The argument 'e' must within [1..nvars(basering)]!"); |
---|
797 | return(); |
---|
798 | } |
---|
799 | |
---|
800 | if(e < b) |
---|
801 | { |
---|
802 | ERROR("The argument 'e' must be bigger or equal to 'b'!"); |
---|
803 | return(); |
---|
804 | } |
---|
805 | } |
---|
806 | |
---|
807 | if(size(#)>2) |
---|
808 | { |
---|
809 | if(typeof(#[3]) != "ideal") |
---|
810 | { |
---|
811 | ERROR("The argument 'Q' must be an ideal!"); |
---|
812 | return(); |
---|
813 | } |
---|
814 | Q = #[3]; |
---|
815 | } |
---|
816 | |
---|
817 | /* if(size(#)>3) |
---|
818 | { |
---|
819 | if(typeof(#[4]) != "int") |
---|
820 | { |
---|
821 | ERROR("The argument 'flag' must be an integer!"); |
---|
822 | return(); |
---|
823 | } |
---|
824 | flag = #[4]; |
---|
825 | } |
---|
826 | */ |
---|
827 | |
---|
828 | int iSavedDegBoung = degBound; |
---|
829 | |
---|
830 | if( (b == e) && (flag == 0) ) // commutative ring!!! |
---|
831 | { |
---|
832 | if( fprot == 1) |
---|
833 | { |
---|
834 | print("Warning: (b==e) means that the resulting ring will be commutative!"); |
---|
835 | } |
---|
836 | |
---|
837 | degBound=0; |
---|
838 | Q = std(Q + (var(b)^2)); |
---|
839 | degBound = iSavedDegBoung; |
---|
840 | |
---|
841 | qring @EA = Q; // and it will be internally commutative as well!!! |
---|
842 | |
---|
843 | return(@EA); |
---|
844 | } |
---|
845 | |
---|
846 | /* |
---|
847 | // Singular'(H.S.) politics: no ring copies! |
---|
848 | // in future nc_algebra() should return a new ring!!! |
---|
849 | list CurrRing = ringlist(basering); |
---|
850 | def @R = ring(CurrRing); |
---|
851 | setring @R; // @R; |
---|
852 | */ |
---|
853 | int i, j; |
---|
854 | |
---|
855 | if( (char(basering)==2) && (flag == 0) )// commutative ring!!! |
---|
856 | { |
---|
857 | if( fprot == 1) |
---|
858 | { |
---|
859 | print("Warning: (char == 2) means that the resulting ring will be commutative!"); |
---|
860 | } |
---|
861 | |
---|
862 | ideal I; |
---|
863 | |
---|
864 | for (i = e - b + 1; i > 0; i--) |
---|
865 | { |
---|
866 | I[i] = var(i + b - 1)^2; |
---|
867 | } |
---|
868 | |
---|
869 | degBound=0; |
---|
870 | Q = std(I + Q); |
---|
871 | degBound = iSavedDegBoung; |
---|
872 | |
---|
873 | qring @EA = Q; // and it will be internally commutative as well!!! |
---|
874 | return(@EA); |
---|
875 | } |
---|
876 | |
---|
877 | |
---|
878 | |
---|
879 | if( (b == 1) && (e == N) ) // just an exterior algebra? |
---|
880 | { |
---|
881 | def S = nc_algebra(-1, 0); // define ground G-algebra! |
---|
882 | setring S; |
---|
883 | } else |
---|
884 | { |
---|
885 | matrix @E = UpOneMatrix(N); |
---|
886 | |
---|
887 | for ( i = b; i < e; i++ ) |
---|
888 | { |
---|
889 | for ( j = i+1; j <= e; j++ ) |
---|
890 | { |
---|
891 | @E[i, j] = -1; |
---|
892 | } |
---|
893 | } |
---|
894 | def S = nc_algebra(@E, 0); // define ground G-algebra! |
---|
895 | setring S; |
---|
896 | } |
---|
897 | |
---|
898 | ideal @I; |
---|
899 | |
---|
900 | for (i = e - b + 1; i > 0; i--) |
---|
901 | { |
---|
902 | @I[i] = var(i + b - 1)^2; |
---|
903 | } |
---|
904 | |
---|
905 | |
---|
906 | degBound=0; |
---|
907 | @I = twostd(@I); // must be computed within the ground G-algebra => problems with local orderings! |
---|
908 | degBound = iSavedDegBoung; |
---|
909 | |
---|
910 | qring @EA = @I; |
---|
911 | |
---|
912 | ideal @Q = twostd(fetch(saveRing, Q)); |
---|
913 | |
---|
914 | if( size(@Q) > 0 ) |
---|
915 | { |
---|
916 | qring @EA2 = @Q; |
---|
917 | } |
---|
918 | |
---|
919 | attrib(basering, "isSCA", 1==1); |
---|
920 | attrib(basering, "iAltVarStart", b); |
---|
921 | attrib(basering, "iAltVarEnd", e); |
---|
922 | |
---|
923 | // "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
924 | return(basering); |
---|
925 | } |
---|
926 | example |
---|
927 | { |
---|
928 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
---|
929 | ring R = 0,(x(1..4)),dp; // global! |
---|
930 | def ER = superCommutative(); // the same as Exterior (b = 1, e = N) |
---|
931 | setring ER; ER; |
---|
932 | "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
933 | kill R; kill ER; |
---|
934 | ring R = 0,(x(1..4)),(lp(1), dp(3)); // global! |
---|
935 | def ER = superCommutative(2); // b = 2, e = N |
---|
936 | setring ER; ER; |
---|
937 | "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
938 | kill R; kill ER; |
---|
939 | ring R = 0,(x, y, z),(ds(1), dp(2)); // mixed! |
---|
940 | def ER = superCommutative(2,3); // b = 2, e = 3 |
---|
941 | setring ER; ER; |
---|
942 | "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
943 | x + 1 + z + y; // ordering on variables: y > z > 1 > x |
---|
944 | std(x - x*x*x); |
---|
945 | std(ideal(x - x*x*x, x*x*z + y, z + y*x*x)); |
---|
946 | kill R; kill ER; |
---|
947 | ring R = 0,(x, y, z),(ds(1), dp(2)); // mixed! |
---|
948 | def ER = superCommutative(2, 3, ideal(x - x*x, x*x*z + y, z + y*x*x )); // b = 2, e = 3 |
---|
949 | setring ER; ER; |
---|
950 | "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
951 | } |
---|
952 | |
---|
953 | // Please, don't throw this away!!! Needed for backward compatibility. |
---|
954 | proc SuperCommutative(list #) |
---|
955 | "USAGE: please use @code{superCommutative} instead |
---|
956 | " |
---|
957 | { |
---|
958 | "// This procedure is deprecated. Please use superCommutative instead"; |
---|
959 | return( superCommutative(#) ); |
---|
960 | } |
---|
961 | example |
---|
962 | { |
---|
963 | "EXAMPLE:"; |
---|
964 | "Procedure is deprecated. Please use superCommutative instead"; |
---|
965 | } |
---|
966 | |
---|
967 | static proc ParseSCA() |
---|
968 | " |
---|
969 | RETURN: list {AltVarStart, AltVarEnd} is currRing is SCA, returns undef otherwise. |
---|
970 | NOTE: rings with only one non-commutative variable are commutative rings which are super-sommutative itself! |
---|
971 | " |
---|
972 | { |
---|
973 | if(typeof(attrib(basering, "isSCA"))=="int") // workaround, if(defined()) doesn't work!!!! |
---|
974 | { |
---|
975 | if(typeof(attrib(basering, "iAltVarStart"))=="int") |
---|
976 | { |
---|
977 | if(typeof(attrib(basering, "iAltVarEnd"))=="int") |
---|
978 | { |
---|
979 | if(attrib(basering, "isSCA")) |
---|
980 | { |
---|
981 | return(list( |
---|
982 | attrib(basering, "iAltVarStart"), |
---|
983 | attrib(basering, "iAltVarEnd") |
---|
984 | )); |
---|
985 | } |
---|
986 | } |
---|
987 | } |
---|
988 | } |
---|
989 | |
---|
990 | def saveRing = basering; |
---|
991 | |
---|
992 | int i, j; |
---|
993 | int N = nvars(saveRing); |
---|
994 | |
---|
995 | int b = N+1; |
---|
996 | int e = -1; |
---|
997 | |
---|
998 | int fprot = 0; // (find(option(),"prot") != 0); |
---|
999 | |
---|
1000 | |
---|
1001 | if( size(ideal(saveRing)) == 0 ) |
---|
1002 | { |
---|
1003 | return("SCA rings are factors by (at least) squares!"); // no squares in the factor ideal! |
---|
1004 | } |
---|
1005 | |
---|
1006 | list L = ringlist(saveRing); |
---|
1007 | |
---|
1008 | if( size(L)!=6 ) |
---|
1009 | { |
---|
1010 | if(fprot) |
---|
1011 | { |
---|
1012 | print("// Warning: The current ring is internally commutative!"); |
---|
1013 | } |
---|
1014 | |
---|
1015 | for( i = N; i > 0; i-- ) |
---|
1016 | { |
---|
1017 | if( NF(var(i)^2, std(0)) == 0 ) |
---|
1018 | { |
---|
1019 | if( (fprot == 1) and (i > 1) ) |
---|
1020 | { |
---|
1021 | print("// Warning: the SCA representation of the current commutative factor ring may be ambiguous!"); |
---|
1022 | } |
---|
1023 | |
---|
1024 | return( list(i, i) ); // this is not unique in this case! there may be other squares in the factor ideal! |
---|
1025 | } |
---|
1026 | } |
---|
1027 | |
---|
1028 | return("The current commutative ring is not SCA! (Wrong quotient ideal)"); // no squares in the factor ideal! |
---|
1029 | } |
---|
1030 | |
---|
1031 | module D = simplify(L[6], 2 + 4); |
---|
1032 | |
---|
1033 | if( size(D)>0 ) |
---|
1034 | { |
---|
1035 | return("The current ring is not SCA! (D!=0)"); |
---|
1036 | } |
---|
1037 | |
---|
1038 | matrix C = L[5]; |
---|
1039 | poly c; |
---|
1040 | |
---|
1041 | for( i = 1; i < N; i++ ) |
---|
1042 | { |
---|
1043 | for( j = i+1; j <= N; j++ ) |
---|
1044 | { |
---|
1045 | c = C[i, j]; |
---|
1046 | |
---|
1047 | if( c == -1 ) |
---|
1048 | { |
---|
1049 | if(i < b) |
---|
1050 | { |
---|
1051 | b = i; |
---|
1052 | } |
---|
1053 | |
---|
1054 | if(j > e) |
---|
1055 | { |
---|
1056 | e = j; |
---|
1057 | } |
---|
1058 | } else |
---|
1059 | { // should commute |
---|
1060 | if( c!=1 ) |
---|
1061 | { |
---|
1062 | return("The current ring is not SCA! (C["+ string(i)+"," + string(j)+"]!=1)"); |
---|
1063 | } |
---|
1064 | } |
---|
1065 | } |
---|
1066 | } |
---|
1067 | |
---|
1068 | if( (b > N) || (e < 1)) |
---|
1069 | { |
---|
1070 | if(fprot) |
---|
1071 | { |
---|
1072 | print("Warning: The current ring is a commutative GR-algebra!"); |
---|
1073 | } |
---|
1074 | |
---|
1075 | for( i = N; i > 0; i-- ) |
---|
1076 | { |
---|
1077 | if( NF(var(i)^2, std(0)) == 0 ) |
---|
1078 | { |
---|
1079 | if( (fprot == 1) and (i > 1) ) |
---|
1080 | { |
---|
1081 | print("Warning: the SCA representation of the current factor ring may be ambiguous!"); |
---|
1082 | } |
---|
1083 | |
---|
1084 | return( list(i, i) ); // this is not unique in this case! there may be other squares in the factor ideal! |
---|
1085 | } |
---|
1086 | } |
---|
1087 | |
---|
1088 | return("The current commutative GR-algebra is not SCA! (Wrong quotient ideal)"); // no squares in the factor ideal! |
---|
1089 | } |
---|
1090 | |
---|
1091 | for( i = 1; i < N; i++ ) |
---|
1092 | { |
---|
1093 | for( j = i+1; j <= N; j++ ) |
---|
1094 | { |
---|
1095 | c = C[i, j]; |
---|
1096 | |
---|
1097 | if( (b <= i) && (j <= e) ) // S <= i < j <= E |
---|
1098 | { // anticommutative part |
---|
1099 | if( c!= -1 ) |
---|
1100 | { |
---|
1101 | return("The current ring is not SCA! (C["+ string(i)+"," + string(j)+"]!=-1)"); |
---|
1102 | } |
---|
1103 | } else |
---|
1104 | { // should commute |
---|
1105 | if( c!=1 ) |
---|
1106 | { |
---|
1107 | return("The current ring is not SCA! (C["+ string(i)+"," + string(j)+"]!=1)"); |
---|
1108 | } |
---|
1109 | } |
---|
1110 | } |
---|
1111 | } |
---|
1112 | |
---|
1113 | for( i = b; i <= e; i++ ) |
---|
1114 | { |
---|
1115 | if( NF(var(i)^2, std(0)) != 0 ) |
---|
1116 | { |
---|
1117 | return("The current ring is not SCA! (Wrong quotient ideal)"); |
---|
1118 | } |
---|
1119 | } |
---|
1120 | |
---|
1121 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1122 | // ok. this is a SCA!!! |
---|
1123 | |
---|
1124 | return(list(b, e)); |
---|
1125 | } |
---|
1126 | |
---|
1127 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1128 | proc AltVarStart() |
---|
1129 | "USAGE: AltVarStart(); |
---|
1130 | RETURN: int |
---|
1131 | PURPOSE: returns the number of the first alternating variable of basering |
---|
1132 | NOTE: basering should be a super-commutative algebra constructed by |
---|
1133 | @* the procedure @code{superCommutative}, emits an error otherwise |
---|
1134 | EXAMPLE: example AltVarStart; shows examples |
---|
1135 | " |
---|
1136 | { |
---|
1137 | def l = ParseSCA(); |
---|
1138 | |
---|
1139 | if( typeof(l) != "string" ) |
---|
1140 | { |
---|
1141 | return(l[1]); |
---|
1142 | } |
---|
1143 | |
---|
1144 | ERROR(l); |
---|
1145 | return(); |
---|
1146 | } |
---|
1147 | example |
---|
1148 | { |
---|
1149 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
---|
1150 | ring R = 0,(x(1..4)),dp; // global! |
---|
1151 | def ER = superCommutative(2); // (b = 2, e = N) |
---|
1152 | setring ER; ER; |
---|
1153 | "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
1154 | setring R; |
---|
1155 | "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
1156 | kill R, ER; |
---|
1157 | ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1158 | ring R = 2,(x(1..4)),dp; // the same in char. = 2! |
---|
1159 | def ER = superCommutative(2); // (b = 2, e = N) |
---|
1160 | setring ER; ER; |
---|
1161 | "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
1162 | setring R; |
---|
1163 | "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
1164 | } |
---|
1165 | |
---|
1166 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1167 | proc AltVarEnd() |
---|
1168 | "USAGE: AltVarStart(); |
---|
1169 | RETURN: int |
---|
1170 | PURPOSE: returns the number of the last alternating variable of basering |
---|
1171 | NOTE: basering should be a super-commutative algebra constructed by |
---|
1172 | @* the procedure @code{superCommutative}, emits an error otherwise |
---|
1173 | EXAMPLE: example AltVarEnd; shows examples |
---|
1174 | " |
---|
1175 | { |
---|
1176 | def l = ParseSCA(); |
---|
1177 | |
---|
1178 | if( typeof(l) != "string" ) |
---|
1179 | { |
---|
1180 | return(l[2]); |
---|
1181 | } |
---|
1182 | |
---|
1183 | ERROR(l); |
---|
1184 | return(); |
---|
1185 | } |
---|
1186 | example |
---|
1187 | { |
---|
1188 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
---|
1189 | ring R = 0,(x(1..4)),dp; // global! |
---|
1190 | def ER = superCommutative(2); // (b = 2, e = N) |
---|
1191 | setring ER; ER; |
---|
1192 | "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
1193 | setring R; |
---|
1194 | "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
1195 | kill R, ER; |
---|
1196 | ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1197 | ring R = 2,(x(1..4)),dp; // the same in char. = 2! |
---|
1198 | def ER = superCommutative(2); // (b = 2, e = N) |
---|
1199 | setring ER; ER; |
---|
1200 | "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
1201 | setring R; |
---|
1202 | "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; |
---|
1203 | } |
---|
1204 | |
---|
1205 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1206 | proc IsSCA() |
---|
1207 | "USAGE: IsSCA(); |
---|
1208 | RETURN: int |
---|
1209 | PURPOSE: returns 1 if basering is a super-commutative algebra and 0 otherwise |
---|
1210 | EXAMPLE: example IsSCA; shows examples |
---|
1211 | " |
---|
1212 | { |
---|
1213 | def l = ParseSCA(); |
---|
1214 | |
---|
1215 | if( typeof(l) != "string" ) |
---|
1216 | { |
---|
1217 | return(1); |
---|
1218 | } |
---|
1219 | |
---|
1220 | if( find(option(),"prot") != 0 ) |
---|
1221 | { |
---|
1222 | print(l); |
---|
1223 | } |
---|
1224 | |
---|
1225 | return(0); |
---|
1226 | } |
---|
1227 | example |
---|
1228 | { |
---|
1229 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
---|
1230 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1231 | ring R = 0,(x(1..4)),dp; // commutative |
---|
1232 | if(IsSCA()) |
---|
1233 | { "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; } |
---|
1234 | else |
---|
1235 | { "Not a super-commutative algebra!!!"; } |
---|
1236 | kill R; |
---|
1237 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1238 | ring R = 0,(x(1..4)),dp; |
---|
1239 | def S = nc_algebra(1, 0); setring S; S; // still commutative! |
---|
1240 | if(IsSCA()) |
---|
1241 | { "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; } |
---|
1242 | else |
---|
1243 | { "Not a super-commutative algebra!!!"; } |
---|
1244 | kill R, S; |
---|
1245 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1246 | ring R = 0,(x(1..4)),dp; |
---|
1247 | list CurrRing = ringlist(R); |
---|
1248 | def ER = ring(CurrRing); |
---|
1249 | setring ER; // R; |
---|
1250 | |
---|
1251 | matrix E = UpOneMatrix(nvars(R)); |
---|
1252 | |
---|
1253 | int i, j; int b = 2; int e = 3; |
---|
1254 | |
---|
1255 | for ( i = b; i < e; i++ ) |
---|
1256 | { |
---|
1257 | for ( j = i+1; j <= e; j++ ) |
---|
1258 | { |
---|
1259 | E[i, j] = -1; |
---|
1260 | } |
---|
1261 | } |
---|
1262 | |
---|
1263 | def S = nc_algebra(E,0); setring S; S; |
---|
1264 | |
---|
1265 | if(IsSCA()) |
---|
1266 | { "Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; } |
---|
1267 | else |
---|
1268 | { "Not a super-commutative algebra!!!"; } |
---|
1269 | kill R, ER, S; |
---|
1270 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1271 | ring R = 0,(x(1..4)),dp; |
---|
1272 | def ER = superCommutative(2); // (b = 2, e = N) |
---|
1273 | setring ER; ER; |
---|
1274 | if(IsSCA()) |
---|
1275 | { "This is a SCA! Alternating variables: [", AltVarStart(), ",", AltVarEnd(), "]."; } |
---|
1276 | else |
---|
1277 | { "Not a super-commutative algebra!!!"; } |
---|
1278 | kill R, ER; |
---|
1279 | } |
---|
1280 | |
---|
1281 | |
---|
1282 | |
---|
1283 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1284 | proc Exterior(list #) |
---|
1285 | "USAGE: Exterior(); |
---|
1286 | RETURN: qring |
---|
1287 | PURPOSE: create the exterior algebra of a basering |
---|
1288 | NOTE: activate this qring with the \"setring\" command |
---|
1289 | THEORY: given a basering, this procedure introduces the anticommutative relations x(j)x(i)=-x(i)x(j) for all j>i, |
---|
1290 | @* moreover, creates a factor algebra modulo the two-sided ideal, generated by x(i)^2 for all i |
---|
1291 | EXAMPLE: example Exterior; shows examples |
---|
1292 | " |
---|
1293 | { |
---|
1294 | string rname=nameof(basering); |
---|
1295 | if ( rname == "basering") // i.e. no ring has been set yet |
---|
1296 | { |
---|
1297 | "You have to call the procedure from the ring"; |
---|
1298 | return(); |
---|
1299 | } |
---|
1300 | int N = nvars(basering); |
---|
1301 | string NewRing = "ring @R=("+charstr(basering)+"),("+varstr(basering)+"),("+ordstr(basering)+");"; |
---|
1302 | execute(NewRing); |
---|
1303 | matrix @E = UpOneMatrix(N); |
---|
1304 | @E = -1*(@E); |
---|
1305 | def @@RR = nc_algebra(@E,0); setring @@RR; |
---|
1306 | int i; |
---|
1307 | ideal Q; |
---|
1308 | for ( i=1; i<=N; i++ ) |
---|
1309 | { |
---|
1310 | Q[i] = var(i)^2; |
---|
1311 | } |
---|
1312 | Q = twostd(Q); |
---|
1313 | qring @EA = Q; |
---|
1314 | return(@EA); |
---|
1315 | } |
---|
1316 | example |
---|
1317 | { |
---|
1318 | "EXAMPLE:";echo=2; |
---|
1319 | ring R = 0,(x(1..3)),dp; |
---|
1320 | def ER = Exterior(); |
---|
1321 | setring ER; |
---|
1322 | ER; |
---|
1323 | } |
---|
1324 | |
---|
1325 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1326 | proc makeWeyl(int n, list #) |
---|
1327 | "USAGE: makeWeyl(n,[p]); n an integer, n>0; p an optional integer (field characteristic) |
---|
1328 | RETURN: ring |
---|
1329 | PURPOSE: create the n-th Weyl algebra over the rationals Q or F_p |
---|
1330 | NOTE: activate this ring with the \"setring\" command. |
---|
1331 | @* The presentation of an n-th Weyl algebra is classical: D(i)x(i)=x(i)D(i)+1, |
---|
1332 | @* where x(i) correspond to coordinates and D(i) to partial differentiations, i=1,...,n. |
---|
1333 | @* If p is not prime, the next larger prime number will be used. |
---|
1334 | SEE ALSO: Weyl |
---|
1335 | EXAMPLE: example makeWeyl; shows examples |
---|
1336 | "{ |
---|
1337 | if (n<1) |
---|
1338 | { |
---|
1339 | print("Incorrect input"); |
---|
1340 | return(); |
---|
1341 | } |
---|
1342 | int @p = 0; |
---|
1343 | if ( size(#) > 0 ) |
---|
1344 | { |
---|
1345 | if ( typeof( #[1] ) == "int" ) |
---|
1346 | { |
---|
1347 | @p = #[1]; |
---|
1348 | } |
---|
1349 | } |
---|
1350 | if (n ==1) |
---|
1351 | { |
---|
1352 | ring @rr = @p,(x,D),dp; |
---|
1353 | } |
---|
1354 | else |
---|
1355 | { |
---|
1356 | ring @rr = @p,(x(1..n),D(1..n)),dp; |
---|
1357 | } |
---|
1358 | setring @rr; |
---|
1359 | def @rrr = Weyl(); |
---|
1360 | return(@rrr); |
---|
1361 | } |
---|
1362 | example |
---|
1363 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1364 | def a = makeWeyl(3); |
---|
1365 | setring a; |
---|
1366 | a; |
---|
1367 | } |
---|
1368 | |
---|
1369 | ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1370 | proc isNC() |
---|
1371 | "USAGE: isNC(); |
---|
1372 | PURPOSE: check whether a basering is commutative or not |
---|
1373 | RETURN: int, 1 if basering is noncommutative and 0 otherwise |
---|
1374 | EXAMPLE: example isNC; shows examples |
---|
1375 | "{ |
---|
1376 | string rname=nameof(basering); |
---|
1377 | if ( rname == "basering") // i.e. no ring has been set yet |
---|
1378 | { |
---|
1379 | "You have to call the procedure from the ring"; |
---|
1380 | return(); |
---|
1381 | } |
---|
1382 | int n = nvars(basering); |
---|
1383 | int i,j; |
---|
1384 | poly p; |
---|
1385 | for (i=1; i<n; i++) |
---|
1386 | { |
---|
1387 | for (j=i+1; j<=n; j++) |
---|
1388 | { |
---|
1389 | p = var(j)*var(i) - var(i)*var(j); |
---|
1390 | if (p!=0) { return(1);} |
---|
1391 | } |
---|
1392 | } |
---|
1393 | return(0); |
---|
1394 | } |
---|
1395 | example |
---|
1396 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1397 | def a = makeWeyl(2); |
---|
1398 | setring a; |
---|
1399 | isNC(); |
---|
1400 | kill a; |
---|
1401 | ring r = 17,(x(1..7)),dp; |
---|
1402 | isNC(); |
---|
1403 | kill r; |
---|
1404 | } |
---|
1405 | |
---|
1406 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1407 | proc rightStd(def I) |
---|
1408 | "USAGE: rightStd(I); I an ideal/ module |
---|
1409 | PURPOSE: compute a right Groebner basis of I |
---|
1410 | RETURN: the same type as input |
---|
1411 | EXAMPLE: example rightStd; shows examples |
---|
1412 | " |
---|
1413 | { |
---|
1414 | def A = basering; |
---|
1415 | def Aopp = opposite(A); |
---|
1416 | setring Aopp; |
---|
1417 | def Iopp = oppose(A,I); |
---|
1418 | def Jopp = groebner(Iopp); |
---|
1419 | setring A; |
---|
1420 | def J = oppose(Aopp,Jopp); |
---|
1421 | return(J); |
---|
1422 | } |
---|
1423 | example |
---|
1424 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1425 | LIB "ncalg.lib"; |
---|
1426 | def A = makeUsl(2); |
---|
1427 | setring A; |
---|
1428 | ideal I = e2,f; |
---|
1429 | option(redSB); |
---|
1430 | option(redTail); |
---|
1431 | ideal LI = std(I); |
---|
1432 | LI; |
---|
1433 | ideal RI = rightStd(I); |
---|
1434 | RI; |
---|
1435 | } |
---|
1436 | |
---|
1437 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1438 | proc rightSyz(def I) |
---|
1439 | "USAGE: rightSyz(I); I an ideal/ module |
---|
1440 | PURPOSE: compute a right syzygy module of I |
---|
1441 | RETURN: the same type as input |
---|
1442 | EXAMPLE: example rightSyz; shows examples |
---|
1443 | " |
---|
1444 | { |
---|
1445 | def A = basering; |
---|
1446 | def Aopp = opposite(A); |
---|
1447 | setring Aopp; |
---|
1448 | def Iopp = oppose(A,I); |
---|
1449 | def Jopp = syz(Iopp); |
---|
1450 | setring A; |
---|
1451 | def J = oppose(Aopp,Jopp); |
---|
1452 | return(J); |
---|
1453 | } |
---|
1454 | example |
---|
1455 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1456 | ring r = 0,(x,d),dp; |
---|
1457 | def S = nc_algebra(1,1); setring S; // the first Weyl algebra |
---|
1458 | ideal I = x,d; |
---|
1459 | module LS = syz(I); |
---|
1460 | print(LS); |
---|
1461 | module RS = rightSyz(I); |
---|
1462 | print(RS); |
---|
1463 | } |
---|
1464 | |
---|
1465 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1466 | proc rightNF(def v, def M) |
---|
1467 | "USAGE: rightNF(I); v a poly/vector, M an ideal/module |
---|
1468 | PURPOSE: compute a right normal form of v w.r.t. M |
---|
1469 | RETURN: poly/vector (as of the 1st argument) |
---|
1470 | EXAMPLE: example rightNF; shows examples |
---|
1471 | " |
---|
1472 | { |
---|
1473 | def A = basering; |
---|
1474 | def Aopp = opposite(A); |
---|
1475 | setring Aopp; |
---|
1476 | def vopp = oppose(A,v); |
---|
1477 | def Mopp = oppose(A,M); |
---|
1478 | Mopp = std(Mopp); |
---|
1479 | def wopp = NF(vopp,Mopp); |
---|
1480 | setring A; |
---|
1481 | def w = oppose(Aopp,wopp); |
---|
1482 | w = simplify(w,2); // skip zeros in ideal/module |
---|
1483 | return(w); |
---|
1484 | } |
---|
1485 | example |
---|
1486 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1487 | LIB "ncalg.lib"; |
---|
1488 | ring r = 0,(x,d),dp; |
---|
1489 | def S = nc_algebra(1,1); setring S; // Weyl algebra |
---|
1490 | ideal I = x; I = std(I); |
---|
1491 | poly p = x*d+1; |
---|
1492 | NF(p,I); // left normal form |
---|
1493 | rightNF(p,I); // right normal form |
---|
1494 | } |
---|
1495 | |
---|
1496 | // ********************************** |
---|
1497 | // * NF: Example for vector/module: * |
---|
1498 | // ********************************** |
---|
1499 | // module M = [x,0],[0,d]; M = std(M); |
---|
1500 | // vector v = (x*d+1)*[1,1]; |
---|
1501 | // print(NF(v,M)); |
---|
1502 | // print(rightNF(v,M)); |
---|
1503 | |
---|
1504 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1505 | proc rightModulo(def M, def N) |
---|
1506 | "USAGE: rightModulo(M,N); M,N are ideals/modules |
---|
1507 | PURPOSE: compute a right representation of the module (M+N)/N |
---|
1508 | RETURN: module |
---|
1509 | ASSUME: M,N are presentation matrices for right modules |
---|
1510 | EXAMPLE: example rightModulo; shows examples |
---|
1511 | " |
---|
1512 | { |
---|
1513 | def A = basering; |
---|
1514 | def Aopp = opposite(A); |
---|
1515 | setring Aopp; |
---|
1516 | def Mopp = oppose(A,M); |
---|
1517 | def Nopp = oppose(A,N); |
---|
1518 | def Kopp = modulo(Mopp,Nopp); |
---|
1519 | setring A; |
---|
1520 | def K = oppose(Aopp,Kopp); |
---|
1521 | return(K); |
---|
1522 | } |
---|
1523 | example |
---|
1524 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1525 | LIB "ncalg.lib"; |
---|
1526 | def A = makeUsl(2); |
---|
1527 | setring A; |
---|
1528 | option(redSB); |
---|
1529 | option(redTail); |
---|
1530 | ideal I = e2,f2,h2-1; |
---|
1531 | I = twostd(I); |
---|
1532 | print(matrix(I)); |
---|
1533 | ideal E = std(e); |
---|
1534 | ideal TL = e,h-1; // the result of left modulo |
---|
1535 | TL; |
---|
1536 | ideal T = rightModulo(E,I); |
---|
1537 | T = rightStd(T+I); |
---|
1538 | T = rightStd(rightNF(T,I)); // make the output canonic |
---|
1539 | T; |
---|
1540 | } |
---|
1541 | |
---|
1542 | ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1543 | |
---|
1544 | proc isCommutative () |
---|
1545 | "USAGE: isCommutative(); |
---|
1546 | RETURN: int, 1 if basering is commutative, or 0 otherwise |
---|
1547 | PURPOSE: check whether basering is commutative |
---|
1548 | EXAMPLE: example isCommutative; shows an example |
---|
1549 | " |
---|
1550 | { |
---|
1551 | int iscom = 1; |
---|
1552 | list L = ringlist(basering); |
---|
1553 | if (size(L) > 4) // basering is nc_algebra |
---|
1554 | { |
---|
1555 | matrix C = L[5]; |
---|
1556 | matrix D = L[6]; |
---|
1557 | if (size(module(D)) <> 0) { iscom = 0; } |
---|
1558 | else |
---|
1559 | { |
---|
1560 | matrix U = UpOneMatrix(nvars(basering)); |
---|
1561 | if (size(module(C-U)) <> 0) { iscom = 0; } |
---|
1562 | } |
---|
1563 | } |
---|
1564 | return(iscom); |
---|
1565 | } |
---|
1566 | example |
---|
1567 | { |
---|
1568 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1569 | ring r = 0,(x,y),dp; |
---|
1570 | isCommutative(); |
---|
1571 | def D = Weyl(); setring D; |
---|
1572 | isCommutative(); |
---|
1573 | setring r; |
---|
1574 | def R = nc_algebra(1,0); setring R; |
---|
1575 | isCommutative(); |
---|
1576 | } |
---|
1577 | |
---|
1578 | ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1579 | |
---|
1580 | proc isWeyl () |
---|
1581 | "USAGE: isWeyl(); |
---|
1582 | RETURN: int, 1 if basering is a Weyl algebra, or 0 otherwise |
---|
1583 | PURPOSE: check whether basering is a Weyl algebra |
---|
1584 | EXAMPLE: example isWeyl; shows an example |
---|
1585 | " |
---|
1586 | { |
---|
1587 | int i,j; |
---|
1588 | int notW = 0; |
---|
1589 | int N = nvars(basering); |
---|
1590 | if (N mod 2 <> 0) { return(notW); } // odd number of generators |
---|
1591 | int n = N/2; |
---|
1592 | list L = ringlist(basering); |
---|
1593 | if (size(L) < 6) { return(notW); } // basering is commutative |
---|
1594 | matrix C = L[5]; |
---|
1595 | matrix D = L[6]; |
---|
1596 | matrix U = UpOneMatrix(N); |
---|
1597 | if (size(ideal(C-U)) <> 0) { return(notW); } // lt(xy)<>lt(yx) |
---|
1598 | ideal I = D; |
---|
1599 | if (size(I) <> n) { return(notW); } // not n entries<>0 |
---|
1600 | I = simplify(I,4+2); |
---|
1601 | int sI = size(I); |
---|
1602 | if (sI > 2) { return(notW); } // more than 2 distinct entries |
---|
1603 | for (i=1; i<=sI; i++) |
---|
1604 | { |
---|
1605 | if (I[i]<>1 && I[i]<>-1) { return (notW); } // other values apart from 1,-1 |
---|
1606 | } |
---|
1607 | ideal Ro,Co; |
---|
1608 | for (i=1; i<=N; i++) |
---|
1609 | { |
---|
1610 | Ro = D[1..N,i]; |
---|
1611 | Co = D[i,1..N]; |
---|
1612 | if (size(Ro)>1 || size(Co)>1) |
---|
1613 | { |
---|
1614 | return(int(0)); // var(i) doesn't commute with more than 1 other vars |
---|
1615 | } |
---|
1616 | } |
---|
1617 | return(int(1)); // all tests passed: basering is Weyl algebra |
---|
1618 | } |
---|
1619 | example |
---|
1620 | { |
---|
1621 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1622 | ring r = 0,(a,b,c,d),dp; |
---|
1623 | isWeyl(); |
---|
1624 | def D = Weyl(1); setring D; //make from r a Weyl algebra |
---|
1625 | b*a; |
---|
1626 | isWeyl(); |
---|
1627 | ring t = 0,(Dx,x,y,Dy),dp; |
---|
1628 | matrix M[4][4]; M[1,2]=-1; M[3,4]=1; |
---|
1629 | def T = nc_algebra(1,M); setring T; |
---|
1630 | isWeyl(); |
---|
1631 | } |
---|
1632 | |
---|
1633 | ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1634 | |
---|
1635 | proc moduloSlim (module A, module B) |
---|
1636 | "USAGE: moduloSlim(A,B); A,B module/matrix/ideal |
---|
1637 | RETURN: module |
---|
1638 | PURPOSE: compute @code{modulo} with slimgb as engine |
---|
1639 | EXAMPLE: example moduloSlim; shows an example |
---|
1640 | " |
---|
1641 | { |
---|
1642 | def save = basering; |
---|
1643 | int rA = nrows(A); |
---|
1644 | if (rA != nrows(B)) |
---|
1645 | { |
---|
1646 | // add 0 rows? |
---|
1647 | ERROR("incorrect input: different rank"); |
---|
1648 | } |
---|
1649 | def mering = makeModElimRing(save); |
---|
1650 | setring mering; |
---|
1651 | module A = imap(save, A); |
---|
1652 | module B = imap(save, B); |
---|
1653 | int cA = ncols(A); int cB = ncols(B); |
---|
1654 | // create matrix C |
---|
1655 | // matrix C[2*rA][cA+cB]; |
---|
1656 | module C; |
---|
1657 | int i; |
---|
1658 | for(i=1; i<= cA; i++) |
---|
1659 | { |
---|
1660 | C = C, A[i] + gen(rA + i); |
---|
1661 | } |
---|
1662 | C = C,B; |
---|
1663 | // for(i=1; i<=cB; i++) |
---|
1664 | // { |
---|
1665 | // C = C, B[i]; |
---|
1666 | // } |
---|
1667 | C = C[2..ncols(C)]; |
---|
1668 | matrix D = slimgb(C); |
---|
1669 | module E; |
---|
1670 | for(i=1; i<= ncols(D); i++) |
---|
1671 | { |
---|
1672 | if (D[1,i]==0) |
---|
1673 | { |
---|
1674 | E = E,D[i]; |
---|
1675 | } |
---|
1676 | } |
---|
1677 | // this E has 1st column and 1st row zero |
---|
1678 | // use submat@matrix.lib |
---|
1679 | E = submat(E,2..nrows(E),2..ncols(E)); |
---|
1680 | // E = E[2..ncols(E)]; // skip 1st 0 row // E = transpose(E); |
---|
1681 | // E = E[2..ncols(E)]; // skip 1st 0 row // E = transpose(E); |
---|
1682 | setring save; |
---|
1683 | module E = imap(mering,E); |
---|
1684 | kill mering; |
---|
1685 | return(E); |
---|
1686 | } |
---|
1687 | example |
---|
1688 | { |
---|
1689 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1690 | LIB "ncalg.lib"; |
---|
1691 | ring r; // first classical example for modulo |
---|
1692 | ideal h1=x,y,z; ideal h2=x; |
---|
1693 | module m=moduloSlim(h1,h2); |
---|
1694 | print(m); |
---|
1695 | // now, a noncommutative example |
---|
1696 | def A = makeUsl2(); setring A; // this algebra is U(sl_2) |
---|
1697 | ideal H2 = e2,f2,h2-1; H2 = twostd(H2); |
---|
1698 | print(matrix(H2)); // print H2 in a compact form |
---|
1699 | ideal H1 = std(e); |
---|
1700 | ideal T = moduloSlim(H1,H2); |
---|
1701 | T = std( NF(std(H2+T),H2) ); |
---|
1702 | T; |
---|
1703 | } |
---|
1704 | |
---|
1705 | ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
---|
1706 | |
---|
1707 | proc makeModElimRing(list #) |
---|
1708 | "USAGE: makeModElimRing(L); L a list |
---|
1709 | RETURN: ring |
---|
1710 | PURPOSE: create a copy of a given ring equipped with the |
---|
1711 | @* elimination ordering for module components @code{(c,<)} |
---|
1712 | NOTE: usually the list argument contains a ring to work with |
---|
1713 | EXAMPLE: example makeModElimRing; shows an example |
---|
1714 | " |
---|
1715 | { |
---|
1716 | // supports qring; |
---|
1717 | // can be extended to handle C istead of c |
---|
1718 | /* input/basering business */ |
---|
1719 | def save; int Noinput = 0; |
---|
1720 | if ( size(#)>0 ) |
---|
1721 | { |
---|
1722 | if ( (typeof(#[1]) == "ring" ) || (typeof(#[1]) == "qring" ) ) |
---|
1723 | { |
---|
1724 | save = #[1]; |
---|
1725 | } |
---|
1726 | else |
---|
1727 | { |
---|
1728 | print("unsupported input type, proceeding with basering"); |
---|
1729 | Noinput = 1; |
---|
1730 | } |
---|
1731 | } |
---|
1732 | if (Noinput) |
---|
1733 | { |
---|
1734 | if (nameof(basering)=="basering") |
---|
1735 | { |
---|
1736 | ERROR("no rings are given"); |
---|
1737 | } |
---|
1738 | else |
---|
1739 | { |
---|
1740 | save = basering; |
---|
1741 | } |
---|
1742 | } |
---|
1743 | /* END input/basering business */ |
---|
1744 | list L = ringlist(save); |
---|
1745 | list Ord = L[3]; |
---|
1746 | int s = size(Ord); int done; |
---|
1747 | // detect where module ordering is located: either 1st or last entry |
---|
1748 | int i,j; |
---|
1749 | for(i=1; i<=s; i++) |
---|
1750 | { |
---|
1751 | if ( (Ord[i][1] == "C") || (Ord[i][1] == "c") ) |
---|
1752 | { |
---|
1753 | Ord[i][1] = "c"; |
---|
1754 | j = i; i=s; |
---|
1755 | } |
---|
1756 | } |
---|
1757 | if (j==0) { ERROR("no component entry found in the ringlist"); } |
---|
1758 | list N; |
---|
1759 | N[1] = Ord[j]; |
---|
1760 | for(i=2; i<=j; i++) |
---|
1761 | { |
---|
1762 | N[i] = Ord[i-1]; |
---|
1763 | } |
---|
1764 | for(i=j+1; i<=s; i++) |
---|
1765 | { |
---|
1766 | N[i] = Ord[i]; |
---|
1767 | } |
---|
1768 | L[3] = N; def NR = ring(L); |
---|
1769 | return(NR); |
---|
1770 | } |
---|
1771 | example |
---|
1772 | { |
---|
1773 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1774 | ring r1 = 0,(x,y,z),(C,Dp); |
---|
1775 | def r2 = makeModElimRing(r1); setring r2; r2; kill r2; |
---|
1776 | ring r3 = 0,(z,t),(wp(2,3),c); |
---|
1777 | def r2 = makeModElimRing(r3); setring r2; r2; kill r2; |
---|
1778 | ring r4 = 0,(z,t,u,w),(a(1,2),C,wp(2,3,4,5)); |
---|
1779 | def r2 = makeModElimRing(r4); setring r2; r2; |
---|
1780 | } |
---|
1781 | |
---|
1782 | proc isLieType() |
---|
1783 | "USAGE: isLieType(); |
---|
1784 | RETURN: int, 1 if basering is a G-algebra of Lie type, 0 otherwise |
---|
1785 | PURPOSE: G-algebra of Lie type has relations of the kind Y*X=X*Y+D |
---|
1786 | EXAMPLE: example isLieType; shows an example |
---|
1787 | " |
---|
1788 | { |
---|
1789 | def @B = basering; //save the name of basering |
---|
1790 | int NVars = nvars(@B); //number of variables in basering |
---|
1791 | int i, j; |
---|
1792 | |
---|
1793 | int answer = 1; |
---|
1794 | |
---|
1795 | // check basering is of Lie type: |
---|
1796 | matrix @@CC[NVars][NVars]; |
---|
1797 | for(i=1; i<NVars; i++) |
---|
1798 | { |
---|
1799 | for(j=i+1; j<=NVars; j++) |
---|
1800 | { |
---|
1801 | @@CC[i,j]=leadcoef(var(j)*var(i)); |
---|
1802 | } |
---|
1803 | } |
---|
1804 | ideal @C@ = simplify(ideal(@@CC),2+4);// skip zeroes and repeated entries |
---|
1805 | if ( (size(@C@) >1 ) || ( (size(@C@)==1) && (@C@[1]!=1) ) ) |
---|
1806 | { |
---|
1807 | answer = 0; |
---|
1808 | } |
---|
1809 | return(answer); |
---|
1810 | } |
---|
1811 | example |
---|
1812 | { |
---|
1813 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1814 | ring r = 0,(x,y),dp; |
---|
1815 | y*x; |
---|
1816 | isLieType(); //yes |
---|
1817 | def D = Weyl(); setring D; |
---|
1818 | y*x; |
---|
1819 | isLieType(); //yes |
---|
1820 | setring r; |
---|
1821 | def R = nc_algebra(-3,0); setring R; |
---|
1822 | y*x; |
---|
1823 | isLieType(); // no |
---|
1824 | kill R; kill r; |
---|
1825 | ring s = (0,q),(x,y),dp; |
---|
1826 | def S = nc_algebra(q,0); setring S; |
---|
1827 | y*x; |
---|
1828 | isLieType(); //no |
---|
1829 | kill S; setring s; |
---|
1830 | def S = nc_algebra(q,y^2); setring S; |
---|
1831 | y*x; |
---|
1832 | isLieType(); //no |
---|
1833 | } |
---|