1 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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2 | version="$id reesclos.lib,v 1.30 2000/12/5 hirsch Exp $"; |
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3 | category="Commutative Algebra"; |
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4 | info=" |
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5 | LIBRARY: reesclos.lib Rees Algebra and Integral Closure of Ideals |
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6 | AUTHOR: Tobias Hirsch, email: hirsch@math.tu-cottbus.de |
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7 | |
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8 | OVERVIEW: |
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9 | A library to compute the integral closure of an ideal I in a polynomial ring |
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10 | R=k[x(1),...,x(n)] using the Rees Algebra R[It] of I. It computes the integral |
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11 | closure of R[It] (in the same manner as done in the library 'normal.lib'); |
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12 | which is a graded subalgebra of R[t]. The degree-k-component is the integral |
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13 | closure of the k-th power of I. |
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14 | |
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15 | PROCEDURES: |
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16 | ReesAlgebra(I); computes the Rees Algebra of an ideal I |
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17 | NormalI(I[,p[,r]]); computes the integral closure of an ideal I using R[It] |
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18 | "; |
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19 | |
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20 | LIB "normal.lib"; // for HomJJ |
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21 | LIB "standard.lib"; // for groebner |
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22 | |
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23 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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24 | |
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25 | proc ReesAlgebra (ideal I) |
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26 | "USAGE: ReesAlgebra (I); I = ideal |
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27 | COMPUTE: The Rees algebra R[I*t] as an affine ring, where I is an ideal in R |
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28 | RETURN: a list containing two rings: |
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29 | [1]: a ring, say RR; in the ring an ideal ker such that R[I*t]=RR/ker |
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30 | [2]: a ring, say Kxt; the basering with additional variable t con- |
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31 | taining an ideal mapI defining the map RR-->Kxt |
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32 | EXAMPLE: example ReesAlgebra; shows an example |
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33 | " |
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34 | { |
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35 | // remember the data of the basering |
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36 | |
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37 | def oldring = basering; |
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38 | string oldchar = charstr(basering); |
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39 | string oldvar = varstr(basering); |
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40 | string oldord = ordstr(basering); |
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41 | int n = ncols(I); |
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42 | ideal m = maxideal(1); |
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43 | |
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44 | |
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45 | // Create a new ring with variables for each generator of I |
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46 | |
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47 | execute ("ring Rees = "+oldchar+",("+oldvar+",U(1.."+string(n)+")),dp"); |
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48 | |
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49 | |
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50 | // Kxt is the old ring with additional variable t |
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51 | // Here I -> t*I, so the generators of I generate the subalgebra R[It] in Kxt |
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52 | |
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53 | execute ("ring Kxt = "+oldchar+",("+oldvar+",t),dp"); |
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54 | ideal I = fetch(oldring,I); |
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55 | ideal m = fetch(oldring,m); |
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56 | int k; |
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57 | for (k=1;k<=n;k++) |
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58 | { |
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59 | I[k]=t*I[k]; |
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60 | } |
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61 | |
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62 | |
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63 | // Now we map from Rees to Kxt, identity on the original variables, and |
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64 | // U(k) -> I[k] |
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65 | |
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66 | ideal mapI = m,I; |
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67 | map phi = Rees,mapI; |
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68 | ideal zero = 0; |
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69 | export (mapI); |
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70 | |
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71 | // Now the Rees-Algebra is Rees/ker(phi) |
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72 | |
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73 | setring Rees; |
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74 | ideal ker = preimage(Kxt,phi,zero); |
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75 | export (ker); |
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76 | |
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77 | list result = Rees,Kxt; |
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78 | |
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79 | return(result); |
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80 | |
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81 | } |
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82 | example |
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83 | { |
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84 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2; |
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85 | ring R = 0,(x,y),dp; |
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86 | ideal I = x2,xy4,y5; |
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87 | list L = ReesAlgebra(I); |
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88 | def Rees = L[1]; // defines the ring Rees, containing the ideal ker |
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89 | setring Rees; // passes to the ring Rees |
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90 | Rees; |
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91 | ker; // R[I*t] is isomorphic to Rees/ker |
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92 | } |
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93 | |
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94 | |
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95 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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96 | |
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97 | static proc ClosureRees (list L) |
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98 | "USAGE: ClosureRees (L); L a list containing |
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99 | - a ring L[1], inside L[1] an ideal ker such that L[1]/ker is |
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100 | isomorphic to the Rees Algebra R[It] of an ideal I in k[x] |
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101 | - a ring L[2]=k[x,t], inside L[1] an ideal mapI defining the |
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102 | map L[1] --> L[2] with image R[It] |
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103 | COMPUTE: quotients of elements of k[x,t] representing generators of the |
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104 | integral closure of R[It] |
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105 | RETURN: a list images, the first size(images)-1 entries are the nu- |
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106 | merators of the generators, the last one is the universal deno- |
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107 | minator |
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108 | " |
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109 | { |
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110 | int dblvl=printlevel-voice+2; // toggles how much data is printed |
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111 | // during the procedure |
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112 | |
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113 | def Kxt = basering; |
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114 | def R(1) = L[1]; |
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115 | setring R(1); // declaration of variables used later |
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116 | ideal ker(1)=ker; // in STEP 2 |
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117 | poly p; |
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118 | |
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119 | // some auxiliary variables |
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120 | |
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121 | int i=1; // counts the number of steps to reach the closure of R(1) |
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122 | int check=0; // a 'boolean' variable for several checks |
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123 | int isIsoSing=0; // '1' in case of an isolated singularity |
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124 | |
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125 | /////// STEP 1: /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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126 | // construct R(i) step by step as done in normal.lib; 2 differences: // |
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127 | // - since the input is a prime ideal, no splitting will occur // |
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128 | // - the intermediate rings and nonzerodivisors for J are remembered // |
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129 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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130 | |
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131 | if (dblvl>0) |
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132 | { |
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133 | "// STEP 1: Compute the integral closure of R[It]"; |
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134 | } |
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135 | |
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136 | list RS; |
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137 | |
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138 | while (check==0) // repeat until the closure is reached |
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139 | { |
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140 | // construction of HomJJ, J an ideal containing the non-normal locus |
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141 | // of R(i)/ker(i), as done in normalizationPrimes in normal.lib for |
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142 | // the special case that we are working with a prime ideal |
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143 | |
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144 | if (dblvl>0) |
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145 | { |
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146 | ""; |
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147 | "// We are in step",i; |
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148 | pause(); |
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149 | } |
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150 | |
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151 | if (homog(ker(i))==1) |
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152 | { |
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153 | list SM=mstd(ker(i)); |
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154 | } |
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155 | else |
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156 | { |
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157 | list SM=groebner(ker(i)),ker(i); |
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158 | } |
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159 | |
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160 | if (dblvl>0) |
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161 | { |
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162 | "// Standard basis of the current ideal:"; |
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163 | SM[1]; |
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164 | } |
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165 | |
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166 | // In the first iteration, we have to compute the singular locus and |
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167 | // to check whether it is an isolated singularity (this makes things |
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168 | // much easier: for further iterations, we just take the max. ideal). |
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169 | // If not, we still fetch the singular locus but have to compute |
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170 | // its radical. |
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171 | |
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172 | if (i==1) |
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173 | { |
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174 | ideal J=minor(jacob(SM[2]),nvars(basering)-dim(SM[1])); |
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175 | ideal sin=J+SM[2]; |
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176 | if (homog(SM[2])==1) |
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177 | { |
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178 | list JM=mstd(sin); |
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179 | } |
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180 | else |
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181 | { |
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182 | list JM=groebner(sin),sin; |
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183 | } |
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184 | |
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185 | if (dim(JM[1])==0 && homog(SM[2])==1) |
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186 | { |
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187 | isIsoSing=1; |
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188 | } |
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189 | J=equiRadical(JM[2]); |
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190 | } |
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191 | else |
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192 | { |
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193 | if (isIsoSing==0) |
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194 | { |
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195 | ideal J=equiRadical(JM[2]); |
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196 | } |
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197 | else |
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198 | { |
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199 | ideal J=maxideal(1); |
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200 | } |
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201 | } |
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202 | |
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203 | if (dblvl>0) |
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204 | { |
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205 | "// Radical of the singular locus:"; |
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206 | J; |
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207 | } |
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208 | |
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209 | ideal SL=simplify(reduce(JM[2],SM[1]),2); |
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210 | JM =J,J; |
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211 | poly nzd=SL[1]; // universal denominator for HomJJ |
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212 | |
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213 | if (dblvl>0) |
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214 | { |
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215 | "// The non-zerodivisor"; |
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216 | nzd; |
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217 | pause(); |
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218 | } |
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219 | |
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220 | list RR=SM[1],SM[2],JM[2],SL[1]; |
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221 | RS=HomJJ(RR); |
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222 | |
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223 | if (RS[2]==1) // we've reached the integral closure |
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224 | { |
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225 | if (dblvl>0) |
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226 | { |
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227 | ""; |
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228 | "// We've reached the integral closure after",i,"iterations"; |
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229 | pause(); |
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230 | } |
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231 | check=1; |
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232 | } |
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233 | else // prepare the next iteration with new |
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234 | { // ring R(i+1) |
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235 | ideal MJ=JM[2]; |
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236 | |
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237 | def R(i+1)=RS[1]; // the data of and some variable decla- |
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238 | setring R(i+1); // rations in R(i+1) needed in STEP 2 |
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239 | ideal ker(i+1)=endid; |
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240 | map phi=R(i),endphi; |
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241 | poly p; |
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242 | |
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243 | if (isIsoSing==0) // fetch the singular locus if it is not |
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244 | { // an isolated singularity |
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245 | list JM=mstd(simplify(phi(MJ)+ker(i+1),4)); |
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246 | } |
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247 | i++; |
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248 | } |
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249 | } |
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250 | |
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251 | if (i==1) // R[It] (and thus I) was integrally |
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252 | { // closed ==> we're already done |
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253 | list result="closed"; |
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254 | return(result); |
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255 | } |
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256 | |
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257 | |
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258 | /////// STEP 2: //////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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259 | // compute representations of the ring variables of R(i) as fractions // |
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260 | // of elements of R(1); // |
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261 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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262 | |
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263 | int length=nvars(R(i)); // the number of variables of the last ring |
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264 | int j,k,n; // some counters |
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265 | string mapstr; // will be used while constructing preimages |
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266 | |
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267 | list preimages; // here the fractions are stored in the |
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268 | // form var(j)=preimages[j]/preimages[length+1] |
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269 | // ('=' means identification via the inclusion) |
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270 | // the last entry corresponds to nzd in R(i) |
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271 | |
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272 | // For each variable (counter j) and for each intermediate ring (k): |
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273 | // find preimages of var(j)*endphi(nzd_k-1) in R(k-1). |
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274 | // Finally, do the same for nzd. |
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275 | |
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276 | if (dblvl>0) |
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277 | { |
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278 | "// STEP 2: Compute fractions representing the ring variables of"; |
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279 | " the last ring"; |
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280 | } |
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281 | |
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282 | for (j=1;j<=length+1;j++) |
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283 | { |
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284 | setring R(i); |
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285 | |
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286 | if (j<=length) // do it with for ring variables... |
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287 | { |
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288 | p=var(j); |
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289 | } |
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290 | else // ...and finally for nzd in R(i) |
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291 | { |
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292 | p=1; |
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293 | } |
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294 | |
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295 | // get back from R(i) to R(1) step by step |
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296 | |
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297 | for (k=i;k>1;k--) |
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298 | { |
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299 | // clear the fraction in the representation in R(i) |
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300 | |
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301 | p=p*phi(nzd); |
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302 | |
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303 | // compute the preimage of [p mod ker(k)] under phi in R(k-1): |
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304 | // as p is an element of im(phi), there is a poly h such that |
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305 | // h(vars(R(k-1)) is mapped to [p mod ker (k)], and h can be com- |
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306 | // puted as the normal form of a w.r.t <ker(k),Z(n)-phi(k)(n)> in R(k)[Z] |
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307 | |
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308 | // compute this normal form h... |
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309 | |
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310 | if (j==1) // in the first iteration: construct S(k)=R(k)[Z], fetch |
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311 | // endphi (the ideal defining phi) and ker(k) and construct |
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312 | // the ideal from above |
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313 | { |
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314 | execute ("ring S(k) = "+charstr(R(k))+",("+varstr(R(k))+",Z(1.."+string(ncols(endphi))+")),(dp("+string(nvars(R(k)))+"),dp("+string(ncols(endphi))+"));"); |
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315 | ideal endphi = imap(R(k),endphi); |
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316 | ideal J = imap(R(k),ker(k)); |
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317 | for (n=1;n<=ncols(endphi);n++) |
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318 | { |
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319 | J=J+(Z(n)-endphi[n]); |
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320 | } |
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321 | J=groebner(J); |
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322 | poly h=NF(imap(R(k),p),J); |
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323 | } |
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324 | else |
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325 | { |
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326 | setring S(k); |
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327 | h=NF(imap(R(k),p),J); |
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328 | } |
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329 | |
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330 | // and compute h(vars(R(k-1))) |
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331 | |
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332 | setring R(k-1); |
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333 | if (j==1) // in the first iteration: compute backmap:S(k)-->R(k-1) |
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334 | { |
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335 | mapstr="map backmap = S(k),"; |
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336 | for (n=1;n<=nvars(R(k));n++) |
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337 | { |
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338 | mapstr=mapstr+"0,"; |
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339 | } |
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340 | execute (mapstr+"maxideal(1);"); |
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341 | } |
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342 | |
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343 | p=NF(backmap(h),std(ker(k-1))); |
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344 | } |
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345 | |
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346 | // when down to R(1), store the result in the list preimages |
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347 | |
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348 | preimages=insert(preimages,p,j-1); |
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349 | if (dblvl>0) |
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350 | { |
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351 | if (j<=length) |
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352 | { |
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353 | "numerator of variable ",j,":",p; |
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354 | } |
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355 | else |
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356 | { |
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357 | ""; |
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358 | "and finally the 'universal' denominator:",p; |
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359 | } |
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360 | } |
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361 | } |
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362 | |
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363 | // at the end: go back to the original basering and construct gene- |
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364 | // rators of the closure of I |
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365 | |
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366 | setring Kxt; |
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367 | map psi=R(1),mapI; // from ReesAlgebra: the map Rees->Kxt |
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368 | |
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369 | list images=psi(preimages); |
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370 | |
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371 | if (dblvl>-1) |
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372 | { |
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373 | pause(); |
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374 | ""; |
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375 | "// Get back to the original basering and construct the"; |
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376 | "// generators of the closure of I"; |
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377 | ""; |
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378 | "// Back in k[x,t], the fractions, stored in the list images:"; |
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379 | for (int j=1;j<=size(images);j++) |
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380 | { |
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381 | if (j<size(images)) |
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382 | { |
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383 | "numerator",j,":",images[j]; |
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384 | } |
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385 | else |
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386 | { |
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387 | ""; |
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388 | "denominator: ",images[j]; |
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389 | } |
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390 | } |
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391 | pause(); |
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392 | } |
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393 | return (images); |
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394 | } |
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395 | |
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396 | |
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397 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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398 | |
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399 | static proc ClosurePower(list images, list #) |
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400 | "USAGE: ClosurePower (L [,#]); |
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401 | - L a list containing generators of the closure of R[It] in k[x,t] |
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402 | (the first size(L)-1 elements are the numerators, the last one |
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403 | is the denominator) |
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404 | - if # is given: #[1] is an integer, compute generators for the |
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405 | closure of I, I^2, ..., I^#[1] |
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406 | COMPUTE: the integral closure of I, ... I^#[1]. If # is not given, compute |
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407 | the closure of all powers up to the maximum degree in t occurring |
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408 | in the closure of R[It] (so this is the last one that is not just |
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409 | the sum/product of the above ones). |
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410 | RETURN: a list containing generators of the closure of the desired powers |
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411 | of I as elements of k[x,t]. |
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412 | " |
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413 | { |
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414 | int dblvl=printlevel-voice+2; // toggles how much data is printed |
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415 | // during the procedure |
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416 | |
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417 | int j,k,d,computepow; // some counters |
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418 | int pow=0; |
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419 | int length = size(images)-1; // the number of generators |
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420 | poly image; |
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421 | poly denominator = images[length+1]; // the universal denominator |
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422 | |
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423 | if (size(#)>0) |
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424 | { |
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425 | pow=#[1]; |
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426 | } |
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427 | computepow=pow; |
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428 | |
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429 | if (dblvl>0) |
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430 | { |
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431 | ""; |
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432 | "// The generators of the closure of R[It]:"; |
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433 | } |
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434 | |
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435 | intmat m[nvars(basering)-1][1]; // an intvec used for jet and maxdeg1 |
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436 | intvec tw=m,1; // such that t has weight 1 and all |
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437 | // other variables have weight 0 |
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438 | |
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439 | // Construct the generators of the closure of R[It] as elements of k[x,t] |
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440 | // If # is not given, determine the highest degree pow in t that occurs. |
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441 | |
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442 | for (j=1;j<=length;j++) |
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443 | { |
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444 | images[j] = (images[j]/denominator); // construct the fraction |
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445 | image = images[j]; |
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446 | if (dblvl>0) |
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447 | { |
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448 | "generator",j,":",image; |
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449 | } |
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450 | |
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451 | if (computepow==0) // #[1] not given or ==0 => compute pow |
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452 | { |
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453 | if (maxdeg1(image,tw)>pow) // from poly.lib |
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454 | { |
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455 | pow=maxdeg1(image,tw); |
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456 | } |
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457 | } |
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458 | } |
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459 | |
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460 | if (dblvl>0) |
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461 | { |
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462 | ""; |
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463 | if (computepow==0) |
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464 | { |
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465 | "// Compute the closure up to the given powers of I"; |
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466 | } |
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467 | else |
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468 | { |
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469 | "// Compute the closure up to the maximal power of t that occured:",pow; |
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470 | } |
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471 | } |
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472 | |
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473 | // Construct a list consisting of #[1] resp. pow times the zero ideal |
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474 | |
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475 | ideal CurrentPower=0; |
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476 | list result; |
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477 | for (k=1;k<=pow;k++) |
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478 | { |
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479 | result=insert(result,CurrentPower); |
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480 | } |
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481 | |
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482 | // For each generator and each k, add its degree-k-coefficient to the # |
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483 | // closure of I^k |
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484 | |
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485 | for (j=1;j<=length;j++) |
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486 | { |
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487 | for (k=1;k<=pow;k++) |
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488 | { |
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489 | image=images[j]-jet(images[j],k-1,tw); |
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490 | if (image<>0) |
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491 | { |
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492 | image=subst(image/t^k,t,0); |
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493 | if (image<>0) |
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494 | { |
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495 | result[k]=result[k]+image; |
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496 | } |
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497 | } |
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498 | } |
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499 | } |
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500 | |
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501 | if (dblvl>0) |
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502 | { |
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503 | ""; |
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504 | "// The 'pure' parts of degrees 1..pow:"; |
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505 | result; |
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506 | ""; |
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507 | } |
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508 | |
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509 | // finally, add the suitable products of generators in lower degrees |
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510 | |
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511 | for (k=2;k<=pow;k++) |
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512 | { |
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513 | for (j=1;j<=(k div 2);j++) |
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514 | { |
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515 | result[k]=result[k]+result[j]*result[k-j]; |
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516 | } |
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517 | } |
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518 | |
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519 | return(result); |
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520 | } |
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521 | |
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522 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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523 | |
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524 | proc normalI(ideal I, list #) |
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525 | "USAGE: normalI (I [,p[,r]]); I an ideal, p and r optional integers |
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526 | COMPUTE: the integral closure of I, ..., I^p. If p is not given, or p==0, |
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527 | compute the closure of all powers up to the maximum degree in t |
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528 | occurring in the closure of R[It] (so this is the last one that |
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529 | is not just the sum/product of the above ones). |
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530 | If r is given and <>1, the check whether the input ideal is |
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531 | already a radical ideal is omitted. |
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532 | RETURN: a list containing the closure of the desired powers of I as ideals |
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533 | of the basering. |
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534 | DISPLAY: The procedure displays more comments for higher printlevel |
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535 | EXAMPLE: example normalI; shows an example |
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536 | " |
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537 | { |
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538 | int dblvl=printlevel-voice+2; // toggles how much data is printed |
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539 | // during the procedure |
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540 | |
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541 | def BAS=basering; // remember the basering |
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542 | |
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543 | // two simple cases: principal ideals and radical ideals are always |
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544 | // integrally closed |
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545 | |
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546 | if (size(I)<=1) // includes the case I=(0) |
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547 | { |
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548 | if (dblvl>0) |
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549 | { |
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550 | "// Trivial case: I is a principal ideal"; |
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551 | } |
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552 | list result=I; |
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553 | if (size(#)>0) |
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554 | { |
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555 | for (int k=1;k<=#[1]-1;k++) |
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556 | { |
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557 | result=insert(result,I*result[k],k); |
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558 | } |
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559 | } |
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560 | return(result); |
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561 | } |
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562 | |
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563 | int testrad=1; // do the radical check? |
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564 | if (size(#)>1) |
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565 | { |
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566 | if (#[2]<>1) |
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567 | { |
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568 | testrad=0; |
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569 | } |
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570 | } |
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571 | if (testrad==1) |
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572 | { |
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573 | if (dblvl>0) |
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574 | { |
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575 | "//Check whether I is radical"; |
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576 | } |
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577 | |
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578 | if (size(reduce(radical(I),std(I)))==0) |
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579 | { |
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580 | if (dblvl>0) |
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581 | { |
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582 | "//Trivial case: I is a radical ideal"; |
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583 | } |
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584 | list result=I; |
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585 | if (size(#)>0) |
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586 | { |
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587 | for (int k=1;k<=#[1]-1;k++) |
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588 | { |
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589 | result=insert(result,I*result[k],k); |
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590 | } |
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591 | } |
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592 | return(result); |
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593 | } |
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594 | } |
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595 | |
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596 | // start with the computation of the Rees Algebra R[It] of I |
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597 | |
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598 | if (dblvl>0) |
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599 | { |
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600 | "// We start with the Rees Algebra of I:"; |
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601 | } |
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602 | |
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603 | list Rees = ReesAlgebra(I); |
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604 | def R(1)=Rees[1]; |
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605 | def Kxt=Rees[2]; |
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606 | setring R(1); |
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607 | |
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608 | if (dblvl>0) |
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609 | { |
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610 | R(1); |
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611 | ker; |
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612 | ""; |
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613 | "// Now ClosureRees computes generators for the integral closure"; |
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614 | "// of R[It] step by step"; |
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615 | } |
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616 | |
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617 | // ClosureRees computes fractions in R[x,t] representing the generators |
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618 | // of the closure of R[It] in k[x,t], which is the same as the closure |
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619 | // in Q(R[It]). |
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620 | // the first size(images)-1 entries are the numerators of the gene- |
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621 | // rators, the last entry is the 'universal' denominator |
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622 | |
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623 | setring Kxt; |
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624 | list images = ClosureRees(Rees); |
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625 | |
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626 | // ClosureRees was done after the first HomJJ-call |
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627 | // ==> I is integrally closed, and images consists of the only entry "closed" |
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628 | |
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629 | if ((size(images)==1) && (typeof(images[1])=="string")) |
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630 | { |
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631 | if (dblvl>0) |
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632 | { |
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633 | "//I is integrally closed!"; |
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634 | } |
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635 | |
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636 | setring BAS; |
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637 | list result=I; |
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638 | if (size(#)>0) |
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639 | { |
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640 | for (int k=1;k<=#[1]-1;k++) |
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641 | { |
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642 | result=insert(result,I*result[k],k); |
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643 | } |
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644 | } |
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645 | return(result); |
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646 | } |
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647 | |
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648 | // construct the fractions corresponding to the generators of the |
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649 | // closure of I and its powers, depending on # (in fact, they will |
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650 | // not be real fractions, of course). This is done in ClosurePower. |
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651 | |
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652 | list result = ClosurePower(images,#); |
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653 | |
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654 | // finally fetch the result to the old basering |
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655 | |
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656 | setring BAS; |
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657 | list result=fetch(Kxt,result); |
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658 | return(result); |
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659 | } |
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660 | example |
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661 | { |
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662 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2; |
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663 | ring R=0,(x,y),dp; |
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664 | ideal I = x2,xy4,y5; |
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665 | list J = normalI(I); |
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666 | I; |
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667 | J; // J is the integral closure of I |
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668 | } |
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669 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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670 | /* |
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671 | BEISPIELE |
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672 | */ |
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