1 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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2 | version="version signcond.lib 4.0.0.0 Jun_2013 "; // $Id$ |
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3 | category="Symbolic-numerical solving"; |
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4 | info=" |
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5 | LIBRARY: signcond.lib Routines for computing realizable sign conditions |
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6 | AUTHOR: Enrique A. Tobis, etobis@dc.uba.ar |
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7 | |
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8 | OVERVIEW: Routines to determine the number of solutions of a multivariate |
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9 | polynomial system which satisfy a given sign configuration. |
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10 | References: Basu, Pollack, Roy, \"Algorithms in Real Algebraic |
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11 | Geometry\", Springer, 2003. |
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12 | |
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13 | PROCEDURES: |
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14 | signcnd(P,I) The sign conditions realized by polynomials of P on a V(I) |
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15 | psigncnd(P,l) Pretty prints the output of signcnd (l) |
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16 | firstoct(I) The number of elements of V(I) with every coordinate > 0 |
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17 | |
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18 | KEYWORDS: real roots,sign conditions |
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19 | "; |
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20 | |
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21 | LIB "rootsmr.lib"; |
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22 | LIB "linalg.lib"; |
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23 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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24 | |
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25 | proc firstoct(ideal I) |
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26 | "USAGE: firstoct(I); I ideal |
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27 | RETURN: number: the number of points of V(I) lying in the first octant |
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28 | ASSUME: I is given by a Groebner basis. |
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29 | SEE ALSO: signcnd |
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30 | EXAMPLE: example firstoct; shows an example" |
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31 | { |
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32 | ideal firstoctant; |
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33 | int j; |
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34 | list result; |
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35 | int n; |
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36 | |
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37 | if (isparam(I)) { |
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38 | ERROR("This procedure cannot operate with parametric arguments"); |
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39 | } |
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40 | |
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41 | for (j = nvars(basering);j > 0;j--) { |
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42 | firstoctant = firstoctant + var(j); |
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43 | } |
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44 | |
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45 | result = signcnd(firstoctant,I); |
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46 | |
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47 | list fst; |
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48 | for (j = nvars(basering);j > 0;j--) { |
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49 | fst[j] = 1; |
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50 | } |
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51 | |
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52 | n = isIn(fst,result[1]); |
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53 | |
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54 | if (n != -1) { |
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55 | return (result[2][n]); |
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56 | } else { |
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57 | return (0); |
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58 | } |
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59 | } |
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60 | example |
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61 | { |
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62 | echo = 2; |
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63 | ring r = 0,(x,y),dp; |
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64 | ideal i = (x-2)*(x+3)*x,y*(y-1); |
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65 | firstoct(i); |
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66 | } |
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67 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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68 | |
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69 | proc signcnd(ideal P,ideal I) |
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70 | "USAGE: signcnd(P,I); ideal P,I |
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71 | RETURN: list: the sign conditions realized by the polynomials of P on V(I). |
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72 | The output of signcnd is a list of two lists. Both lists have the |
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73 | same length. This length is the number of sign conditions realized |
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74 | by the polynomials of P on the set V(i). |
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75 | Each element of the first list indicates a sign condition of the |
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76 | polynomials of P. |
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77 | Each element of the second list indicates how many elements of V(I) |
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78 | give rise to the sign condition expressed by the same position on |
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79 | the first list. |
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80 | See the example for further explanations of the output. |
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81 | ASSUME: I is a Groebner basis. |
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82 | NOTE: The procedure psigncnd performs some pretty printing of this output. |
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83 | SEE ALSO: firstoct, psigncnd |
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84 | EXAMPLE: example signcnd; shows an example" |
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85 | { |
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86 | ideal B; |
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87 | |
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88 | // Cumulative stuff |
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89 | matrix M; |
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90 | matrix SQs; |
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91 | matrix C; |
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92 | list Signs; |
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93 | list Exponents; |
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94 | |
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95 | // Used to store the precalculated SQs |
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96 | list SQvalues; |
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97 | list SQpositions; |
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98 | |
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99 | int i; |
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100 | |
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101 | // Variables for each step |
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102 | matrix Mi; |
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103 | matrix M3x3[3][3]; |
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104 | matrix M3x3inv[3][3]; // Constant matrices |
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105 | matrix c[3][1]; |
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106 | matrix sq[3][1]; |
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107 | int j; |
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108 | list exponentsi; |
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109 | list signi; |
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110 | int numberOfNonZero; |
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111 | |
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112 | if (isparam(P) || isparam(I)) { |
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113 | ERROR("This procedure cannot operate with parametric arguments"); |
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114 | } |
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115 | |
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116 | M3x3 = matrix(1,3,3); |
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117 | M3x3 = 1,1,1,0,1,-1,0,1,1; // The 3x3 matrix |
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118 | M3x3inv = inverse(M3x3); |
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119 | |
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120 | // First, we compute sturmquery(1,V(I)) |
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121 | I = groebner(I); |
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122 | B = qbase(I); |
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123 | sq[1,1] = sturmquery(1,B,I); // Number of real roots in V(I) |
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124 | SQvalues = SQvalues + list(sq[1,1]); |
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125 | SQpositions = SQpositions + list(1); |
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126 | |
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127 | // We initialize the cumulative variables |
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128 | M = matrix(1,1,1); |
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129 | Exponents = list(list()); |
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130 | Signs = list(list()); |
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131 | |
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132 | i = 1; |
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133 | |
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134 | while (i <= size(P)) { // for each poly in P |
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135 | |
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136 | sq[2,1] = sturmquery(P[i],B,I); |
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137 | sq[3,1] = sturmquery(P[i]^2,B,I); |
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138 | |
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139 | |
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140 | c = M3x3inv*sq; |
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141 | |
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142 | // We have to eliminate the 0 elements in c |
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143 | exponentsi = list(); |
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144 | signi = list(); |
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145 | |
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146 | |
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147 | // We determine the list of signs which correspond to a nonzero |
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148 | // number of roots |
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149 | numberOfNonZero = 3; |
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150 | |
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151 | if (c[1,1] != 0) { |
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152 | signi = list(0); |
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153 | } else { |
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154 | numberOfNonZero--; |
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155 | } |
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156 | |
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157 | if (c[2,1] != 0) { |
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158 | signi = signi + list(1); |
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159 | } else { |
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160 | numberOfNonZero--; |
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161 | } |
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162 | |
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163 | if (c[3,1] != 0) { |
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164 | signi = signi + list(-1); |
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165 | } else { |
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166 | numberOfNonZero--; |
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167 | } |
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168 | |
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169 | // We now determine the little matrix we'll work with, |
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170 | // and the list of exponents |
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171 | if (numberOfNonZero == 3) { |
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172 | Mi = M3x3; |
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173 | exponentsi = list(0,1,2); |
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174 | } else {if (numberOfNonZero == 2) { |
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175 | Mi = matrix(1,2,2); |
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176 | Mi[1,2] = 1; |
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177 | if (c[1,1] != 0 && c[2,1] != 0) { // 0,1 |
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178 | Mi[2,1] = 0; |
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179 | Mi[2,2] = 1; |
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180 | } else {if (c[1,1] != 0 && c[3,1] != 0) { // 0,-1 |
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181 | Mi[2,1] = 0; |
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182 | Mi[2,2] = -1; |
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183 | } else { // 1,-1 |
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184 | Mi[2,1] = 1; |
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185 | Mi[2,2] = -1; |
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186 | }} |
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187 | exponentsi = list(0,1); |
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188 | } else {if (numberOfNonZero == 1) { |
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189 | Mi = matrix(1,1,1); |
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190 | exponentsi = list(0); |
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191 | }}} |
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192 | |
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193 | // We store the Sturm Queries we'll need later |
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194 | if (numberOfNonZero == 2) { |
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195 | SQvalues = SQvalues + list(sq[2,1]); |
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196 | SQpositions = SQpositions + list(size(Exponents)+1); |
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197 | } else {if (numberOfNonZero == 3) { |
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198 | SQvalues = SQvalues + list(sq[2,1],sq[3,1]); |
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199 | SQpositions = SQpositions + list(size(Exponents)+1,size(Exponents)*2+1); |
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200 | }} |
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201 | |
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202 | // Now, we accumulate information |
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203 | M = tensor(Mi,M); |
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204 | Signs = expprod(Signs,signi); |
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205 | Exponents = expprod(Exponents,exponentsi); |
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206 | |
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207 | i++; |
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208 | } |
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209 | |
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210 | // At this point, we have the cumulative matrix, |
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211 | // the vector of exponents and the matching sign conditions. |
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212 | // We have to solve the big linear system to finish. |
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213 | |
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214 | M = inverse(M); |
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215 | |
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216 | // We have to compute the constants vector (the Sturm Queries) |
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217 | |
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218 | SQs = matrix(1,size(Exponents),1); |
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219 | |
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220 | j = 1; // We'll iterate over the presaved SQs |
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221 | |
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222 | for (i = 1;i <= size(Exponents);i++) { |
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223 | if (j <= size(SQvalues)) { |
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224 | if (SQpositions[j] == i) { |
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225 | SQs[i,1] = SQvalues[j]; |
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226 | j++; |
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227 | } else { |
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228 | SQs[i,1] = sturmquery(evalp(Exponents[i],P),B,I); |
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229 | } |
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230 | } else { |
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231 | SQs[i,1] = sturmquery(evalp(Exponents[i],P),B,I); |
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232 | } |
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233 | } |
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234 | |
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235 | C = M*SQs; |
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236 | |
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237 | list result; |
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238 | result[2] = list(); |
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239 | result[1] = list(); |
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240 | |
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241 | // We have to filter the 0 elements of C |
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242 | for (i = 1;i <= size(Signs);i++) { |
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243 | if (C[i,1] != 0) { |
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244 | result[1] = result[1] + list(Signs[i]); |
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245 | result[2] = result[2] + list(C[i,1]); |
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246 | } |
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247 | } |
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248 | |
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249 | return (result); |
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250 | } |
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251 | example |
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252 | { echo = 2; |
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253 | ring r = 0,(x,y),dp; |
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254 | ideal i = (x-2)*(x+3)*x,y*(y-1); |
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255 | ideal P = x,y; |
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256 | list l = signcnd(P,i); |
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257 | |
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258 | size(l[1]); // = the number of sign conditions of P on V(i) |
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259 | |
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260 | //Each element of l[1] indicates a sign condition of the polynomials of P. |
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261 | //The following means P[1] > 0, P[2] = 0: |
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262 | l[1][2]; |
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263 | |
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264 | //Each element of l[2] indicates how many elements of V(I) give rise to |
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265 | //the sign condition expressed by the same position on the first list. |
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266 | //The following means that exactly 1 element of V(I) gives rise to the |
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267 | //condition P[1] > 0, P[2] = 0: |
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268 | l[2][2]; |
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269 | } |
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270 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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271 | |
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272 | proc psigncnd(ideal P,list l) |
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273 | "USAGE: psigncnd(P,l); ideal P, list l |
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274 | RETURN: list: a formatted version of l |
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275 | SEE ALSO: signcnd |
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276 | EXAMPLE: example psigncnd; shows an example" |
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277 | { |
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278 | string s; |
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279 | int n = size(l[1]); |
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280 | int i; |
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281 | |
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282 | for (i = 1;i <= n;i++) { |
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283 | s = s + string(l[2][i]) + " elements of V(I) satisfy " + psign(P,l[1][i]) |
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284 | + sprintf("%n",12); |
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285 | } |
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286 | return(s); |
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287 | } |
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288 | example |
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289 | { |
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290 | echo = 2; |
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291 | ring r = 0,(x,y),dp; |
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292 | ideal i = (x-2)*(x+3)*x,(y-1)*(y+2)*(y+4); |
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293 | ideal P = x,y; |
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294 | list l = signcnd(P,i); |
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295 | psigncnd(P,l); |
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296 | } |
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297 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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298 | |
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299 | static proc psign(ideal P,list s) |
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300 | { |
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301 | int i; |
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302 | int n = size(P); |
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303 | string output; |
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304 | |
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305 | output = "{P[1]"; |
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306 | |
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307 | if (s[1] == -1) { |
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308 | output = output + " < 0"; |
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309 | } |
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310 | if (s[1] == 0) { |
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311 | output = output + " = 0"; |
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312 | } |
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313 | if (s[1] == 1) { |
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314 | output = output + " > 0"; |
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315 | } |
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316 | |
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317 | for (i = 2;i <= n;i++) { |
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318 | output = output + ","; |
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319 | output = output + "P[" + string(i) + "]"; |
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320 | if (s[i] == -1) { |
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321 | output = output + " < 0"; |
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322 | } |
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323 | if (s[i] == 0) { |
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324 | output = output + " = 0"; |
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325 | } |
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326 | if (s[i] == 1) { |
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327 | output = output + " > 0"; |
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328 | } |
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329 | |
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330 | } |
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331 | output = output + "}"; |
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332 | return (output); |
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333 | } |
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334 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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335 | |
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336 | static proc isIn(list a,list b) //a is a list. b is a list of lists |
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337 | { |
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338 | int i,j; |
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339 | int found; |
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340 | |
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341 | found = 0; |
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342 | i = 1; |
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343 | while (i <= size(b) && !found) { |
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344 | j = 1; |
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345 | found = 1; |
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346 | if (size(a) != size(b[i])) { |
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347 | found = 0; |
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348 | } else { |
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349 | while(j <= size(a)) { |
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350 | found = found && a[j] == b[i][j]; |
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351 | j++; |
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352 | } |
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353 | } |
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354 | i++; |
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355 | } |
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356 | |
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357 | if (found) { |
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358 | return (i-1); |
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359 | } else { |
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360 | return (-1); |
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361 | } |
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362 | } |
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363 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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364 | |
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365 | static proc expprod(list A,list B) // Computes the product of the list of lists A and the list B. |
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366 | { |
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367 | int i,j; |
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368 | list result; |
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369 | int la,lb; |
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370 | |
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371 | if (size(A) == 0) { |
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372 | A = list(list()); |
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373 | } |
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374 | |
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375 | la = size(A); |
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376 | lb = size(B); |
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377 | |
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378 | result[la*lb] = 0; |
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379 | |
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380 | |
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381 | for (i = 0;i < lb;i++) { |
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382 | for (j = 0;j < la;j++) { |
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383 | result[i*la+j+1] = A[j+1] + list(B[i+1]); |
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384 | } |
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385 | } |
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386 | |
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387 | return (result); |
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388 | } |
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389 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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390 | |
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391 | static proc initlist(int n) // Returns an n-element list of 0s. |
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392 | { |
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393 | list l; |
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394 | int i; |
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395 | l[n] = 0; |
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396 | for (i = 1;i < n;i++) { |
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397 | l[i] = 0; |
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398 | } |
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399 | return(l); |
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400 | } |
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401 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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402 | |
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403 | static proc evalp(list exp,ideal P) // Elevates each polynomial in P to the appropriate |
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404 | { |
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405 | int i; |
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406 | int n; |
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407 | poly result; |
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408 | |
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409 | n = size(exp); |
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410 | result = 1; |
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411 | |
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412 | for (i = 1;i <= n; i++) { |
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413 | result = result * (P[i]^exp[i]); |
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414 | } |
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415 | return (result); |
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416 | } |
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417 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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418 | |
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419 | static proc incexp(list exp) |
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420 | { |
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421 | int k; |
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422 | |
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423 | k = 1; |
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424 | |
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425 | while (exp[k] == 2) { // We assume exp is not the last exponent (i.e. 2,...,2) |
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426 | exp[k] = 0; |
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427 | k++; |
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428 | } |
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429 | |
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430 | // exp[k] < 2 |
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431 | exp[k] = exp[k] + 1; |
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432 | |
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433 | return (exp); |
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434 | } |
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435 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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436 | |
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437 | |
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