source: git/factory/libfac/charset/alg_factor.cc @ 0aa5d5

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// emacs edit mode for this file is -*- C++ -*-
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// FACTORY - Includes
#include <factory.h>
// Factor - Includes
#include <tmpl_inst.h>
#include <Factor.h>
#include <SqrFree.h>
#include <helpstuff.h>
// Charset - Includes
#include "csutil.h"
#include "charset.h"
#include "reorder.h"
#include "algfactor.h"
// some CC's need this:
#include "alg_factor.h"

void out_cf(const char *s1,const CanonicalForm &f,const char *s2);

#ifdef ALGFACTORDEBUG
#  define DEBUGOUTPUT
#else
#  undef DEBUGOUTPUT
#endif

#include <libfac/factor/debug.h>

static Varlist
Var_is_in_AS(const Varlist & uord, const CFList & Astar);

int getAlgVar(const CanonicalForm &f, Variable &X)
{
  if (f.inBaseDomain()) return 0;
  if (f.inCoeffDomain())
  {
    if (f.level()!=0)
    {
      X= f.mvar();
      return 1;
    }
    return getAlgVar(f.LC(),X);
  }
  if (f.inPolyDomain())
  {
    if (getAlgVar(f.LC(),X)) return 1;
    for( CFIterator i=f; i.hasTerms(); i++)
    {
      if (getAlgVar(i.coeff(),X)) return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// This implements the algorithm of Trager for factorization of
// (multivariate) polynomials over algebraic extensions and so called
// function field extensions.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// // missing class: IntGenerator:
bool IntGenerator::hasItems() const
{
    return 1;
}

CanonicalForm IntGenerator::item() const
//int IntGenerator::item() const
{
  //return current; //CanonicalForm( current );
  return mapinto(CanonicalForm( current ));
}

void IntGenerator::next()
{
    current++;
}

static CanonicalForm
resultante( const CanonicalForm & f, const CanonicalForm& g, const Variable & v )
{
  bool on_rational = isOn(SW_RATIONAL);
  On(SW_RATIONAL);
  CanonicalForm cd = bCommonDen( f );
  CanonicalForm fz = f * cd;
  cd = bCommonDen( g );
  CanonicalForm gz = g * cd;
  if (!on_rational)  Off(SW_RATIONAL);
  CanonicalForm result;
  if (getCharacteristic() == 0)
    result= resultantZ (fz, gz,v);
  else
    result= resultant (fz,gz,v);

  return result;
}

// sqr-free routine for algebraic extensions
// we need it! Ex.: f=c^2+2*a*c-1; as=[a^2+1]; f=(c+a)^2
//static CFFList alg_sqrfree( const CanonicalForm & f )
//{
//  CFFList L;
//
//  L.append(CFFactor(f,1));
//  return L;
//}

// Calculates a square free norm
// Input: f(x, alpha) a square free polynomial over K(alpha),
// alpha is defined by the minimal polynomial Palpha
// K has more than S elements (S is defined in thesis; look getextension)
static void
sqrf_norm_sub( const CanonicalForm & f, const CanonicalForm & PPalpha,
           CFGenerator & myrandom, CanonicalForm & s,  CanonicalForm & g,
           CanonicalForm & R)
{
  Variable y=PPalpha.mvar(),vf=f.mvar();
  CanonicalForm temp, Palpha=PPalpha, t;
  int sqfreetest=0;
  CFFList testlist;
  CFFListIterator i;

  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub:      f= ", f);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: Palpha= ", Palpha);
  myrandom.reset();   s=myrandom.item();   g=f;
  R= CanonicalForm(0);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: myrandom s= ", s);

  // Norm, resultante taken with respect to y
  while ( !sqfreetest )
  {
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: Palpha= ", Palpha);
    R = resultante(Palpha, g, y); R= R* bCommonDen(R);
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: R= ", R);
    // sqfree check ; R is a polynomial in K[x]
    if ( getCharacteristic() == 0 )
    {
      temp= gcd(R, R.deriv(vf));
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: temp= ", temp);
      if (degree(temp,vf) != 0 || temp == temp.genZero() )
        sqfreetest= 0;
      else
        sqfreetest= 1;
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: sqfreetest= ", sqfreetest);
    }
    else
    {
      DEBOUTMSG(CERR, "Starting SqrFreeTest(R)!");
      // Look at SqrFreeTest!
      // (z+a^5+w)^4 with z<w<a should not give sqfreetest=1 !
      // for now we use this workaround with Factorize...
      // ...but it should go away soon!!!!
      Variable X;
      if (getAlgVar(R,X))
        testlist=factorize( R, X );
      else
        testlist= factorize(R);
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "testlist= ", testlist);
      testlist.removeFirst();
      sqfreetest=1;
      for ( i=testlist; i.hasItem(); i++)
      {
        if ( i.getItem().exp() > 1 && degree(i.getItem().factor(), R.mvar()) > 0)
        {
          sqfreetest=0;
          break;
        }
      }
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "SqrFreeTest(R)= ", sqfreetest);
    }
    if ( ! sqfreetest )
    {
      myrandom.next();
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub generated new myrandom item: ", myrandom.item());
      if ( getCharacteristic() == 0 )
        t= CanonicalForm(mapinto(myrandom.item()));
      else
        t= CanonicalForm(myrandom.item());
      s= t;
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: testing s= ", s);
      g= f(f.mvar()-t*Palpha.mvar(), f.mvar());
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "             gives g= ", g);
    }
  }
}
static void
sqrf_agnorm_sub( const CanonicalForm & f, const CanonicalForm & PPalpha,
           AlgExtGenerator & myrandom, CanonicalForm & s,  CanonicalForm & g,
           CanonicalForm & R)
{
  Variable y=PPalpha.mvar(),vf=f.mvar();
  CanonicalForm temp, Palpha=PPalpha, t;
  int sqfreetest=0;
  CFFList testlist;
  CFFListIterator i;

  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub:      f= ", f);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: Palpha= ", Palpha);
  myrandom.reset();   s=myrandom.item();   g=f;
  R= CanonicalForm(0);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: myrandom s= ", s);

  // Norm, resultante taken with respect to y
  while ( !sqfreetest )
  {
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: Palpha= ", Palpha);
    R = resultante(Palpha, g, y); R= R* bCommonDen(R);
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: R= ", R);
    // sqfree check ; R is a polynomial in K[x]
    if ( getCharacteristic() == 0 )
    {
      temp= gcd(R, R.deriv(vf));
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: temp= ", temp);
      if (degree(temp,vf) != 0 || temp == temp.genZero() )
        sqfreetest= 0;
      else
        sqfreetest= 1;
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: sqfreetest= ", sqfreetest);
    }
    else
    {
      DEBOUTMSG(CERR, "Starting SqrFreeTest(R)!");
      // Look at SqrFreeTest!
      // (z+a^5+w)^4 with z<w<a should not give sqfreetest=1 !
      // for now we use this workaround with Factorize...
      // ...but it should go away soon!!!!
      Variable X;
      if (getAlgVar(R,X))
        testlist= factorize( R, X );
      else
        testlist= factorize(R);
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "testlist= ", testlist);
      testlist.removeFirst();
      sqfreetest=1;
      for ( i=testlist; i.hasItem(); i++)
      {
        if ( i.getItem().exp() > 1 && degree(i.getItem().factor(), R.mvar()) > 0)
        {
          sqfreetest=0;
          break;
        }
      }
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "SqrFreeTest(R)= ", sqfreetest);
    }
    if ( ! sqfreetest )
    {
      myrandom.next();
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub generated new myrandom item: ", myrandom.item());
      if ( getCharacteristic() == 0 )
        t= CanonicalForm(mapinto(myrandom.item()));
      else
        t= CanonicalForm(myrandom.item());
      s= t;
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm_sub: testing s= ", s);
      g= f(f.mvar()-t*Palpha.mvar(), f.mvar());
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "             gives g= ", g);
    }
  }
}

static void
sqrf_norm( const CanonicalForm & f, const CanonicalForm & PPalpha,
           const Variable & Extension, CanonicalForm & s,  CanonicalForm & g,
           CanonicalForm & R)
{
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm:      f= ", f);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm: Palpha= ", PPalpha);
  if ( getCharacteristic() == 0 )
  {
    IntGenerator myrandom;
    DEBOUTMSG(CERR, "sqrf_norm: no extension, char=0");
    sqrf_norm_sub(f,PPalpha, myrandom, s,g,R);
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm:      f= ", f);
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm: Palpha= ", PPalpha);
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm:      s= ", s);
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm:      g= ", g);
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm:      R= ", R);
  }
  else if ( degree(Extension) > 0 ) // working over Extensions
  {
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "sqrf_norm: degree of extension is ", degree(Extension));
    AlgExtGenerator myrandom(Extension);
    sqrf_agnorm_sub(f,PPalpha, myrandom, s,g,R);
  }
  else
  {
    FFGenerator myrandom;
    DEBOUTMSG(CERR, "sqrf_norm: degree of extension is 0");
    sqrf_norm_sub(f,PPalpha, myrandom, s,g,R);
  }
}

static Varlist
Var_is_in_AS(const Varlist & uord, const CFList & Astar){
  Varlist output;
  CanonicalForm elem;
  Variable x;

  for ( VarlistIterator i=uord; i.hasItem(); i++)
  {
    x=i.getItem();
    for ( CFListIterator j=Astar; j.hasItem(); j++ )
    {
      elem= j.getItem();
      if ( degree(elem,x) > 0 ) // x actually occures in Astar
      {
        output.append(x);
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return output;
}

// Look if Minimalpolynomials in Astar define seperable Extensions
// Must be a power of p: i.e. y^{p^e}-x
static int
inseperable(const CFList & Astar)
{
  CanonicalForm elem;
  int Counter= 1;

  if ( Astar.length() == 0 ) return 0;
  for ( CFListIterator i=Astar; i.hasItem(); i++)
  {
    elem= i.getItem();
    if ( elem.deriv() == elem.genZero() ) return Counter;
    else Counter += 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

// calculate gcd of f and g in char=0
static CanonicalForm
gcd0( CanonicalForm f, CanonicalForm g )
{
  int charac= getCharacteristic();
  int save=isOn(SW_RATIONAL);
  setCharacteristic(0); Off(SW_RATIONAL);
  CanonicalForm ff= mapinto(f), gg= mapinto(g);
  CanonicalForm result= gcd(ff,gg);
  setCharacteristic(charac);
  if (save) On(SW_RATIONAL);
  return mapinto(result);
}

// calculate big enough extension for finite fields
// Idea: first calculate k, such that q^k > S (->thesis, -> getextension)
// Second, search k with gcd(k,m_i)=1, where m_i is the degree of the i'th
// minimal polynomial. Then the minpoly f_i remains irrd. over q^k and we
// have enough elements to plug in.
static int
getextension( IntList & degreelist, int n)
{
  int charac= getCharacteristic();
  setCharacteristic(0); // need it for k !
  int k=1, m=1, length=degreelist.length();
  IntListIterator i;

  for (i=degreelist; i.hasItem(); i++) m= m*i.getItem();
  int q=charac;
  while (q <= ((n*m)*(n*m)/2)) { k= k+1; q= q*charac;}
  int l=0;
  do {
    for (i=degreelist; i.hasItem(); i++){
      l= l+1;
      if ( gcd0(k,i.getItem()) == 1){
        DEBOUTLN(CERR, "getextension: gcd == 1, l=",l);
        if ( l==length ){ setCharacteristic(charac);  return k; }
      }
      else { DEBOUTMSG(CERR, "getextension: Next iteration"); break; }
    }
    k= k+1; l=0;
  }
  while ( 1 );
}


/// pseudo division of f and g wrt. x s.t. multiplier*f=q*g+r
/// but only if the leading coefficient of g is of level lower than coeffLevel
void
psqr (const CanonicalForm & f, const CanonicalForm & g, CanonicalForm & q,
      CanonicalForm & r, CanonicalForm& multiplier, const Variable& x,
      int coeffLevel)
{
  ASSERT( x.level() > 0, "type error: polynomial variable expected" );
  ASSERT( ! g.isZero(), "math error: division by zero" );

  // swap variables such that x's level is larger or equal
  // than both f's and g's levels.
  Variable X;
  if (f.level() > g.level())
    X= f.mvar();
  else
    X= g.mvar();
  if (X.level() < x.level())
    X= x;
  CanonicalForm F= swapvar (f, x, X);
  CanonicalForm G= swapvar (g, x, X);

  // now, we have to calculate the pseudo remainder of F and G
  // w.r.t. X
  int fDegree= degree (F, X);
  int gDegree= degree (G, X);
  if (fDegree < 0 || fDegree < gDegree)
  {
    q= 0;
    r= f;
  }
  else
  {
    CanonicalForm LCG= LC (G, X);
    if (LCG.level() < coeffLevel)
    {
      multiplier= power (LCG, fDegree - gDegree + 1);
      divrem (multiplier*F, G, q, r);
      q= swapvar (q, x, X);
      r= swapvar (r, x, X);
    }
    else
    {
      q= 0;
      r= f;
    }
  }
}

/// pseudo division of f and g wrt. x s.t. multiplier*f=q*g+r
void
psqr (const CanonicalForm & f, const CanonicalForm & g, CanonicalForm & q, 
      CanonicalForm & r, CanonicalForm& multiplier, const Variable& x)
{
    ASSERT( x.level() > 0, "type error: polynomial variable expected" );
    ASSERT( ! g.isZero(), "math error: division by zero" );

    // swap variables such that x's level is larger or equal
    // than both f's and g's levels.
    Variable X;
    if (f.level() > g.level())
      X= f.mvar();
    else
      X= g.mvar();
    if (X.level() < x.level())
      X= x;
    CanonicalForm F= swapvar (f, x, X);
    CanonicalForm G= swapvar (g, x, X);

    // now, we have to calculate the pseudo remainder of F and G
    // w.r.t. X
    int fDegree= degree (F, X);
    int gDegree= degree (G, X);
    if (fDegree < 0 || fDegree < gDegree)
    {
      q= 0;
      r= f;
    }
    else
    {
      CanonicalForm LCG= LC (G, X);
      multiplier= power (LCG, fDegree - gDegree + 1);
      divrem (multiplier*F, G, q, r);
      q= swapvar (q, x, X);
      r= swapvar (r, x, X);
    }
}

CanonicalForm
QuasiInverse (const CanonicalForm& f, const CanonicalForm& g,
      CanonicalForm& numt, const Variable& x)
{
  CanonicalForm pi, pi1, q, t0, t1, Hi, bi, pi2;
  bool isRat= isOn (SW_RATIONAL);
  CanonicalForm m,tmp;
  if (isRat)
    Off (SW_RATIONAL);
  pi= f/content (f,x);
  pi1= g/content (g,x);

  t0= 0;
  t1= 1;
  bi= 1;

  On (SW_RATIONAL);

  int delta= degree (f, x) - degree (g, x);
  Hi= power (LC (pi1, x), delta);
  if ( (delta+1) % 2 )
      bi = 1;
  else
      bi = -1;

  while (degree (pi1,x) > 0)
  {
    On (SW_RATIONAL);
    psqr( pi, pi1, q, pi2, m, x);
    pi2 /= bi;

    tmp= t1;
    t1= t0*m - t1*q;
    t0= tmp;
    t1 /= bi;
    pi = pi1; pi1 = pi2;
    if ( degree ( pi1, x ) > 0 )
    {
      delta = degree( pi, x ) - degree( pi1, x );
      if ( (delta+1) % 2 )
        bi = LC( pi, x ) * power( Hi, delta );
      else
        bi = -LC( pi, x ) * power( Hi, delta );
      Hi = power( LC( pi1, x ), delta ) / power( Hi, delta-1 );
    }
  }
  t1 /= gcd (pi1, t1);
  if (!isRat)
    Off (SW_RATIONAL);
  numt= t1;
  return pi;
}

CanonicalForm
evaluate (const CanonicalForm& f, const CanonicalForm& g, const CanonicalForm& h, const CanonicalForm& powH)
{
  if (f.inCoeffDomain())
    return f;
  CFIterator i= f;
  int lastExp = i.exp();
  CanonicalForm result = i.coeff()*powH;
  i++;
  while (i.hasTerms())
  {
    int i_exp= i.exp();
    if ((lastExp - i_exp) == 1)
    {
      result *= g;
      result /= h;
    }
    else
    {
      result *= power (g, lastExp - i_exp);
      result /= power (h, lastExp - i_exp);
    }
    result += i.coeff()*powH;
    lastExp = i_exp;
    i++;
  }
  if (lastExp != 0)
  {
    result *= power (g, lastExp);
    result /= power (h, lastExp);
  }
  return result;
}


/// evaluate f at g/h at v such that powH*f is integral i.e. powH is assumed to be h^degree(f,v)
CanonicalForm
evaluate (const CanonicalForm& f, const CanonicalForm& g,
          const CanonicalForm& h, const CanonicalForm& powH,
          const Variable& v)
{
  if (f.inCoeffDomain())
  {
    return f*powH;
  }

  Variable x = f.mvar();
  if ( v > x )
    return f*powH;
  else  if ( v == x )
    return evaluate (f, g, h, powH);

  // v is less than main variable of f
  CanonicalForm result= 0;
  for (CFIterator i= f; i.hasTerms(); i++)
    result += evaluate (i.coeff(), g, h, powH, v)*power (x, i.exp());
  return result;
}

// calculate a "primitive element"
// K must have more than S elements (->thesis, -> getextension)
static CFList
simpleextension(const CFList & Astar, const Variable & Extension, bool& isFunctionField,
                CanonicalForm & R)
{
  CFList Returnlist, Bstar=Astar;
  CanonicalForm s, g, ra, rb, oldR, h, denra, denrb=1;
  Variable alpha;
  CFList tmp;

  bool isRat= isOn (SW_RATIONAL);

  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "simpleextension: Astar= ", Astar);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "simpleextension:     R= ", R);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "simpleextension: Extension= ", Extension);
  CFListIterator j;
  if (Astar.length() == 1)
  {
    R= Astar.getFirst();
    rb= R.mvar();
  }
  else
  {
    R=Bstar.getFirst();
    Bstar.removeFirst();
    for (CFListIterator i=Bstar; i.hasItem(); i++)
    {
      j= i;
      j++;
      Off (SW_RATIONAL);
      R /= icontent (R);
      On (SW_RATIONAL);
      oldR= R;
      sqrf_norm (i.getItem(), R, Extension, s, g, R);

      Off (SW_RATIONAL);
      R /= icontent (R);

      On (SW_RATIONAL);

      if (!isFunctionField)
      {
        alpha= rootOf (R);
        h= replacevar (g, g.mvar(), alpha);
        On (SW_RATIONAL); //needed for GCD
        h= gcd (h, oldR);
        h /= Lc (h);
        ra= -h[0];
        ra= replacevar(ra, alpha, g.mvar());
        rb= R.mvar()-s*ra;
        for (; j.hasItem(); j++)
        {
          j.getItem()= j.getItem() (ra, oldR.mvar());
          j.getItem()= j.getItem() (rb, i.getItem().mvar());
        }
      }
      else
      {
        On (SW_RATIONAL);
        h= swapvar (g, g.mvar(), oldR.mvar());
        tmp= CFList (swapvar (R, g.mvar(), oldR.mvar()));
        h= alg_gcd (h, swapvar (oldR, g.mvar(), oldR.mvar()), tmp);
        CanonicalForm hh= replacevar (h, oldR.mvar(), alpha);

        CanonicalForm numt, dent;
        QuasiInverse (tmp.getFirst(), LC (h), numt, tmp.getFirst().mvar());

        Off (SW_RATIONAL);
        h *= numt;
        h= reduce (h, tmp.getFirst());
        dent= LC(h);

        ra= -h[0];
        denra= gcd (ra, dent);
        ra /= denra;
        denra= dent/denra;
        denra= replacevar (denra, ra.mvar(), g.mvar());
        ra= replacevar(ra, ra.mvar(), g.mvar());
        rb= R.mvar()*denra-s*ra;
        denrb= denra;
        for (; j.hasItem(); j++)
        {
          CanonicalForm powdenra= power (denra, degree (j.getItem(), oldR.mvar()));
          j.getItem()= evaluate (j.getItem(),ra, denra, powdenra, oldR.mvar());
          powdenra= power (denra, degree (j.getItem(), i.getItem().mvar()));
          j.getItem()= evaluate (j.getItem(), rb, denrb, powdenra, i.getItem().mvar());
        }
      }

      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "simpleextension: g= ", g);
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "simpleextension: s= ", s);
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "simpleextension: R= ", R);
      Returnlist.append (ra);
      if (isFunctionField)
        Returnlist.append (denra);
    }
  }
  Returnlist.append (rb);
  if (isFunctionField)
    Returnlist.append (denrb);

  if (isRat)
    On (SW_RATIONAL);
  else
    Off (SW_RATIONAL);

  return Returnlist;
}

CanonicalForm alg_lc(const CanonicalForm &f)
{
  if (f.level()>0)
  {
    return alg_lc(f.LC());
  }
  //assert(f.inCoeffDomain());
  return f;
}

CanonicalForm
subst (const CanonicalForm& f, const CFList& a, const CFList& b,
       const CanonicalForm& Rstar, bool isFunctionField)
{
  if (isFunctionField)
    ASSERT (2*a.length() == b.length(), "wrong length of lists");
  else
    ASSERT (a.length() == b.length(), "lists of equal length expected");
  CFListIterator j= b;
  CanonicalForm result= f, tmp, powj;
  for (CFListIterator i= a; i.hasItem() && j.hasItem(); i++, j++)
  {
    if (!isFunctionField)
      result= result (j.getItem(), i.getItem().mvar());
    else
    {
      tmp= j.getItem();
      j++;
      powj= power (j.getItem(), degree (result, i.getItem().mvar()));
      result= evaluate (result, tmp, j.getItem(), powj, i.getItem().mvar());

      if (fdivides (powj, result, tmp))
        result= tmp;

      result /= vcontent (result, Variable (i.getItem().level() + 1));
    }
  }
  result= reduce (result, Rstar);
  result /= vcontent (result, Variable (Rstar.level() + 1));
  return result;
}

// the heart of the algorithm: the one from Trager
#ifndef DEBUGOUTPUT
static CFFList
alg_factor( const CanonicalForm & F, const CFList & Astar, const Variable & vminpoly, const Varlist /*& oldord*/, const CFList & as, bool isFunctionField)
#else
static CFFList
alg_factor( const CanonicalForm & F, const CFList & Astar, const Variable & vminpoly, const Varlist & oldord, const CFList & as, bool isFunctionField)
#endif
{
  CFFList L, Factorlist;
  CanonicalForm R, Rstar, s, g, h, f= F;
  CFList substlist;

  DEBINCLEVEL(CERR,"alg_factor");
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: f= ", f);

  //out_cf("start alg_factor:",f,"\n");
  substlist= simpleextension(Astar, vminpoly, isFunctionField, Rstar);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: substlist= ", substlist);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: minpoly Rstar= ", Rstar);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: vminpoly= ", vminpoly);

  f= subst (f, Astar, substlist, Rstar, isFunctionField);

  Variable alpha;
  if (!isFunctionField)
  {
    alpha= rootOf (Rstar);
    g= replacevar (f, Rstar.mvar(), alpha);

    Factorlist= factorize (g, alpha);

    for (CFFListIterator i= Factorlist; i.hasItem(); i++)
    {
      h= i.getItem().factor();
      if (!h.inCoeffDomain())
      {
        h= replacevar (h, alpha, Rstar.mvar());
        h *= bCommonDen(h);
        h= Prem (h, as);
        L.append (CFFactor (h, i.getItem().exp()));
      }
    }
    return L;
  }

  sqrf_norm(f, Rstar, vminpoly, s, g, R );
  //out_cf("sqrf_norm R:",R,"\n");
  //out_cf("sqrf_norm s:",s,"\n");
  //out_cf("sqrf_norm g:",g,"\n");
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: g= ", g);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: s= ", s);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: R= ", R);
  Off(SW_RATIONAL);
  Variable X;
  if (getAlgVar(R,X))
  {
    // factorize R over alg.extension with X
//CERR << "alg: "<< X << " mipo=" << getMipo(X,Variable('X')) <<"\n";
    if (R.isUnivariate())
    {
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: factorize( ", R);
      Factorlist =  factorize( R, X );
    }
    else
    {
      #if 1
      Variable XX;
      CanonicalForm mipo=getMipo(X,XX);
      CFList as(mipo);
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: newfactoras( ", R);
      int success=1;
      Factorlist = newfactoras(R, as , success);
      #else
      // factor R over k
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: Factorize( ", R);
      Factorlist = Factorize(R);
      #endif
    }
  }
  else
  {
    // factor R over k
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: Factorize( ", R);
    Factorlist = Factorize(R);
  }
  On(SW_RATIONAL);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: Factorize(R)= ", Factorlist);
  if ( !Factorlist.getFirst().factor().inCoeffDomain() )
    Factorlist.insert(CFFactor(1,1));
  if ( Factorlist.length() == 2 && Factorlist.getLast().exp()== 1)
  { // irreduzibel (first entry is a constant)
    L.append(CFFactor(f,1));
  }
  else
  {
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: g= ", g);
    CanonicalForm gnew= g(s,s.mvar());
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: gnew= ", gnew);
    g=gnew;
    for ( CFFListIterator i=Factorlist; i.hasItem(); i++)
    {
      CanonicalForm fnew=i.getItem().factor();
      fnew= fnew(s,s.mvar());
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: fnew= ", fnew);
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: substlist= ", substlist);
      for ( CFListIterator ii=substlist; ii.hasItem(); ii++){
        DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: item= ", ii.getItem());
        fnew= fnew(ii.getItem(), ii.getItem().mvar());
        DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: fnew= ", fnew);
      }
      if (degree(i.getItem().factor()) > 0 )
      {
          h=alg_gcd(g,fnew,as);
        DEBOUTLN(CERR, "  alg_factor: h= ", h);
        DEBOUTLN(CERR, "  alg_factor: oldord= ", oldord);
        if ( degree(h) > 0 )
        { //otherwise it's a constant
          g= divide(g, h,as);
          DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: g/h= ", g);
          DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: s= ", s);
          DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: substlist= ", substlist);
          //out_cf("new g:",g,"\n");
          L.append(CFFactor(h,1));
        }
        //else printf("degree <=1\n");
      }
    }
    // we are not interested in a
    // constant (over K_r, which can be a polynomial!)
    if (degree(g, f.mvar())>0){ L.append(CFFactor(g,1)); }
  }
  CFFList LL;
  if (getCharacteristic()>0)
  {
    CFFListIterator i=L;
    CanonicalForm c_fac=1;
    CanonicalForm c;
    for(;i.hasItem(); i++ )
    {
      CanonicalForm ff=i.getItem().factor();
      c=alg_lc(ff);
      int e=i.getItem().exp();
      ff/=c;
      if (!ff.isOne()) LL.append(CFFactor(ff,e));
      while (e>0) { c_fac*=c;e--; }
    }
    if (!c_fac.isOne()) LL.insert(CFFactor(c_fac,1));
  }
  else
  {
    LL=L;
  }
  //CFFListIterator i=LL;
  //for(;i.hasItem(); i++ )
  //  out_cf("end alg_f:",i.getItem().factor(),"\n");
  //printf("end alg_factor\n");
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "alg_factor: L= ", LL);
  DEBDECLEVEL(CERR,"alg_factor");
  return LL;
}

static CFFList
endler( const CanonicalForm & f, const CFList & AS, const Varlist & uord )
{
  CanonicalForm F=f, g, q,r;
  CFFList Output;
  CFList One, Two, asnew, as=AS;
  CFListIterator i,ii;
  VarlistIterator j;
  Variable vg;

  for (i=as; i.hasItem(); i++)
  {
    g= i.getItem();
    if (g.deriv() == 0 )
    {
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "Inseperable extension detected: ", g);
      for (j=uord; j.hasItem(); j++)
      {
        if ( degree(g,j.getItem()) > 0 ) vg= j.getItem();
      }
      // Now we have the highest transzendental in vg;
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "Transzendental is ", vg);
      CanonicalForm gg=-1*g[0];
      divrem(gg,vg,q,r); r= gg-q*vg;   gg= gg-r;
      //DEBOUTLN(CERR, "q= ", q); DEBOUTLN(CERR, "r= ", r);
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "  that is ", gg);
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "  maps to ", g+gg);
      One.insert(gg); Two.insert(g+gg);
      // Now transform all remaining polys in as:
      int x=0;
      for (ii=i; ii.hasItem(); ii++)
      {
        if ( x != 0 )
        {
          divrem(ii.getItem(), gg, q,r);
//          CERR << ii.getItem() << " divided by " << gg << "\n";
          DEBOUTLN(CERR, "q= ", q); DEBOUTLN(CERR, "r= ", r);
          ii.append(ii.getItem()+q*g); ii.remove(1);
          DEBOUTLN(CERR, "as= ", as);
        }
        x+= 1;
      }
      // Now transform F:
      divrem(F, gg, q,r);
      F= F+q*g;
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "new F= ", F);
    }
    else{ asnew.append(i.getItem());  }// just the identity
  }
  // factor F with minimal polys given in asnew:
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "Factor F=  ", F);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "  with as= ", asnew);
  int success=0;
  CFFList factorlist= newcfactor(F,asnew, success);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "  gives =  ", factorlist);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "One= ", One);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "Two= ", Two);

  // Transform back:
  for ( CFFListIterator k=factorlist; k.hasItem(); k++)
  {
    CanonicalForm factor= k.getItem().factor();
    ii=One;
    for (i=Two; i.hasItem(); i++)
    {
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "Mapping ", i.getItem());
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "     to ", ii.getItem());
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "     in ", factor);
      divrem(factor,i.getItem(),q,r); r=factor -q*i.getItem();
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "q= ", q); DEBOUTLN(CERR, "r= ", r);
      factor= ii.getItem()*q +r; //
      ii++;
    }
    Output.append(CFFactor(factor,k.getItem().exp()));
  }

  return Output;
}

void
multiplicity (CFFList& factors, const CanonicalForm& F, const CFList& as)
{
  CanonicalForm G= F;
  Variable x= F.mvar();
  CanonicalForm q, r;
  int count= -1;
  On (SW_RATIONAL);
  for (CFFListIterator iter=factors; iter.hasItem(); iter++)
  {
    count= -1;
    if (iter.getItem().factor().inCoeffDomain())
      continue;
    while (1)
    {
      psqr (G, iter.getItem().factor(), q, r, x);

      q= Prem (q, as);
      r= Prem (r, as);
      if (!r.isZero())
        break;
      On (SW_RATIONAL);
      count++;
      G= q;
    }
    iter.getItem()= CFFactor (iter.getItem().factor(), iter.getItem().exp()+count);
  }
}


// 1) prepares data
// 2) for char=p we distinguish 3 cases:
//           no transcendentals, seperable and inseperable extensions
CFFList
newfactoras( const CanonicalForm & f, const CFList & as, int &success)
{
  Variable vf=f.mvar();
  CFListIterator i;
  CFFListIterator jj;
  CFList reduceresult;
  CFFList result;

  success=1;
  DEBINCLEVEL(CERR, "newfactoras");
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "newfactoras called with f= ", f);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "               content(f)= ", content(f));
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "                       as= ", as);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "newfactoras: cls(vf)= ", cls(vf));
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "newfactoras: cls(as.getLast())= ", cls(as.getLast()));
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "newfactoras: degree(f,vf)= ", degree(f,vf));

// F1: [Test trivial cases]
// 1) first trivial cases:
  if ( (cls(vf) <= cls(as.getLast())) ||  degree(f,vf)<=1 ){
// ||( (as.length()==1) && (degree(f,vf)==3) && (degree(as.getFirst()==2)) )
    DEBDECLEVEL(CERR,"newfactoras");
    return CFFList(CFFactor(f,1));
  }

// 2) List of variables:
// 2a) Setup list of those polys in AS having degree(AS[i], AS[i].mvar()) > 1
// 2b) Setup variableordering
  CFList Astar;
  Variable x;
  CanonicalForm elem;
  Varlist ord, uord,oldord;
  for ( int ii=1; ii< level(vf) ; ii++ ) { uord.append(Variable(ii));  }
  oldord= uord; oldord.append(vf);

  for ( i=as; i.hasItem(); i++ ){
    elem= i.getItem();
    x= elem.mvar();
    if ( degree(elem,x) > 1){ // otherwise it's not an extension
      Astar.append(elem);
      ord.append(x);
    }
  }
  uord= Difference(uord,ord);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "Astar is: ", Astar);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "ord is: ", ord);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "uord is: ", uord);

// 3) second trivial cases: we already prooved irr. of f over no extensions
  if ( Astar.length() == 0 ){
    DEBDECLEVEL(CERR,"newfactoras");
    return CFFList(CFFactor(f,1));
  }

// 4) Try to obtain a partial factorization using prop2 and prop3
//    Use with caution! We have to proof these propositions first!
  // Not yet implemented

// 5) Look if elements in uord actually occure in any of the minimal
//    polynomials. If no element of uord occures in any of the minimal
//   polynomials, we don't have transzendentals.
  Varlist newuord=Var_is_in_AS(uord,Astar);
  DEBOUTLN(CERR, "newuord is: ", newuord);

  CFFList Factorlist;
  Varlist gcdord= Union(ord,newuord); gcdord.append(f.mvar());
  bool isFunctionField= (newuord.length() > 0);

  // This is for now. we need alg_sqrfree implemented!
  CanonicalForm Fgcd= 0;
  if (isFunctionField)
    Fgcd= alg_gcd(f,f.deriv(),Astar);

  if ( Fgcd == 0 ) {DEBOUTMSG(CERR, "WARNING: p'th root ?");}
  if (isFunctionField && ( degree(Fgcd, f.mvar()) > 0) && (!(f.deriv().isZero())) )
  {
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "Nontrivial GCD found of ", f);
    CanonicalForm Ggcd= divide(f, Fgcd,Astar);
    if (getCharacteristic() == 0)
    {
      CFFList result= newfactoras (Ggcd,as,success); //Ggcd is the squarefree part of f
      multiplicity (result, f, Astar);
      return result;
    }
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "  split into ", Fgcd);
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "         and ", Ggcd);
    Fgcd= pp(Fgcd); Ggcd= pp(Ggcd);
    DEBDECLEVEL(CERR,"newfactoras");
    return myUnion(newfactoras(Fgcd,as,success) , newfactoras(Ggcd,as,success));
  }
  if ( getCharacteristic() > 0 )
  {
    // First look for extension!
    IntList degreelist;
    Variable vminpoly;
    for (i=Astar; i.hasItem(); i++){degreelist.append(degree(i.getItem()));}
    int extdeg= getextension(degreelist, degree(f));
    DEBOUTLN(CERR, "Extension needed of degree ", extdeg);

    // Now the real stuff!
    if ( newuord.length() == 0 ){ // no transzendentals
      DEBOUTMSG(CERR, "No transzendentals!");
      if ( extdeg > 1 ){
        CanonicalForm MIPO= generate_mipo( extdeg, vminpoly);
        DEBOUTLN(CERR, "Minpoly produced ", MIPO);
        vminpoly= rootOf(MIPO);
      }
      Factorlist= alg_factor(f, Astar, vminpoly, oldord, as, isFunctionField);
      DEBDECLEVEL(CERR,"newfactoras");
      return Factorlist;
    }
    else if ( inseperable(Astar) > 0 ){ // Look if extensions are seperable
      // a) Use Endler
      DEBOUTMSG(CERR, "Inseperable extensions! Using Endler!");
      CFFList templist= endler(f,Astar, newuord);
      DEBOUTLN(CERR, "Endler gives: ", templist);
      return templist;
    }
    else{ // we are on the save side: Use trager
      DEBOUTMSG(CERR, "Only seperable extensions!");
      if (extdeg > 1 ){
        CanonicalForm MIPO=generate_mipo(extdeg, vminpoly );
        vminpoly= rootOf(MIPO);
        DEBOUTLN(CERR, "Minpoly generated: ", MIPO);
        DEBOUTLN(CERR, "vminpoly= ", vminpoly);
        DEBOUTLN(CERR, "degree(vminpoly)= ", degree(vminpoly));
      }
      Factorlist= alg_factor(f, Astar, vminpoly, oldord, as, isFunctionField);
      DEBDECLEVEL(CERR,"newfactoras");
      return Factorlist;
    }
  }
  else{ // char=0 apply trager directly
    DEBOUTMSG(CERR, "Char=0! Apply Trager!");
    Variable vminpoly;
    Factorlist= alg_factor(f, Astar, vminpoly, oldord, as, isFunctionField);
      DEBDECLEVEL(CERR,"newfactoras");
      return Factorlist;
  }

  DEBDECLEVEL(CERR,"newfactoras");
  return CFFList(CFFactor(f,1));
}

CFFList
newcfactor(const CanonicalForm & f, const CFList & as, int & success )
{
  On (SW_RATIONAL);
  CFFList Output, output, Factors= factorize(f);
  if (Factors.getFirst().factor().inCoeffDomain())
    Factors.removeFirst();

  if ( as.length() == 0 )
  {
    success=1;
    return Factors;
  }
  if ( cls(f) <= cls(as.getLast()) )
  {
    success=1;
    return Factors;
  }

  success=1;
  for ( CFFListIterator i=Factors; i.hasItem(); i++ )
  {
    output=newfactoras(i.getItem().factor(),as, success);
    for ( CFFListIterator j=output; j.hasItem(); j++)
      Output = myappend(Output,CFFactor(j.getItem().factor(),j.getItem().exp()*i.getItem().exp()));
  }
  return Output;
}