1 | ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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2 | version="version crypto.lib 4.2.1.0 Jul_2021 "; // $Id$ |
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3 | category="Teaching"; |
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4 | info=" |
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5 | LIBRARY: crypto.lib Procedures for teaching cryptography |
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6 | AUTHORS: Gerhard Pfister, pfister@mathematik.uni-kl.de |
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7 | @* David Brittinger, dativ@gmx.net |
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8 | |
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9 | OVERVIEW: |
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10 | The library contains procedures to compute the discrete logarithm, |
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11 | primality-tests, factorization included elliptic curves. |
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12 | The library is intended to be used for teaching purposes but not |
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13 | for serious computations. Sufficiently high printlevel allows to |
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14 | control each step, thus illustrating the algorithms at work. |
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15 | |
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16 | |
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17 | PROCEDURES: |
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18 | round(r); rounds r to the nearest number in Z |
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19 | bubblesort(L) sorts elements of the list L |
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20 | decimal(s); number corresponding to the hexadecimal number s |
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21 | eexgcdN(L) T with sum_i L[i]*T[i]=T[n+1]=gcd(L[1],...,L[n]) |
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22 | lcmN(a,b) compute lcm(a,b) |
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23 | powerN(m,d,n) compute m^d mod n |
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24 | chineseRem(T,L) compute x such that x = T[i] mod L[i] |
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25 | Jacobi(a,n) the generalized Legendre symbol of a and n |
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26 | primList(n) the list of all primes <=n |
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27 | primL(q) first primes p_1,...,p_r such that q<p_1*...*p_r |
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28 | intPart(x) the integral part of a rational number |
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29 | intRoot(m) the integral part of the square root of m |
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30 | squareRoot(a,p) the square root of a in Z/p, p prime |
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31 | solutionsMod2(M) basis solutions of Mx=0 over Z/2 |
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32 | powerX(q,i,I) q-th power of the i-th variable modulo I |
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33 | babyGiant(b,y,p) discrete logarithm x: b^x=y mod p |
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34 | rho(b,y,p) discrete logarithm x: b^x=y mod p |
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35 | MillerRabin(n,k) probabilistic primaly-test of Miller-Rabin |
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36 | SolowayStrassen(n,k) probabilistic primaly-test of Soloway-Strassen |
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37 | PocklingtonLehmer(N,[]) primaly-test of Pocklington-Lehmer |
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38 | PollardRho(n,k,a,[]) Pollard's rho factorization |
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39 | pFactor(n,B,P) Pollard's p-factorization |
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40 | quadraticSieve(n,c,B,k) quadratic sieve factorization |
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41 | isOnCurve(N,a,b,P) P is on the curve y^2z=x^3+a*xz^2+b*z^3 over Z/N |
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42 | ellipticAdd(N,a,b,P,Q) P+Q, addition on elliptic curves |
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43 | ellipticMult(N,a,b,P,k) k*P on elliptic curves |
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44 | ellipticRandomCurve(N) generates y^2z=x^3+a*xz^2+b*z^3 over Z/N randomly |
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45 | ellipticRandomPoint(N,a,b) random point on y^2z=x^3+a*xz^2+b*z^3 over Z/N |
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46 | countPoints(N,a,b) number of points of y^2=x^3+a*x+b over Z/N |
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47 | ellipticAllPoints(N,a,b) points of y^2=x^3+a*x+b over Z/N |
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48 | ShanksMestre(q,a,b,[]) number of points of y^2=x^3+a*x+b over Z/N |
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49 | Schoof(N,a,b) number of points of y^2=x^3+a*x+b over Z/N |
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50 | generateG(a,b,m) m-th division polynomial of y^2=x^3+a*x+b over Z/N |
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51 | factorLenstraECM(N,S,B,[]) Lenstra's factorization |
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52 | ECPP(N) primaly-test of Goldwasser-Kilian |
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53 | calculate_ordering(num1, primitive, mod1) Calculates x so that primitive^x == num1 mod mod1 |
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54 | is_primitive_root(primitive, mod1) Checks if primitive is a primitive root modulo mod1 |
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55 | find_first_primitive_root(mod1) Returns the first primitive root modulo mod1, starting with 1 |
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56 | binary_add(binary_list) Adds a 1 to a binary encoded list |
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57 | inverse_modulus(num,mod1) Finds a t so that t*num = 1 mod mod1 |
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58 | is_prime(n) Checks if n is prime |
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59 | proc find_biggest_index(a) Returns the index of the biggest element of a |
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60 | find_index(a,e) Returns the list index of element e in list a. Returns 0 if e is not in a |
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61 | subset_sum01(list knapsack, int solution) solves the subset-sum-knapsack-problem by calculating all subsets and choosing the right solution |
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62 | subset_sum02(list knapsack, int sol) solves the subset-sum-knapsack-problem with a naive greedy algorithm |
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63 | unbounded_knapsack(list knapsack, list profit, int capacity) solves the unbounded_knapsack-problem, needing a list of knapsack weights, a list of profits and a capacity |
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64 | multidimensional_knapsack(matrix m, list capacities, list profits) solves the multidimensional_knapsack-problem by using the PECH algorithm, needing a weight matrix m, a list of capacities and a list of profits |
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65 | naccache_stern_generation(int key, int primenum) generates a hard knapsack for the Naccache-Stern Kryptosystem for given key and prime modulus |
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66 | naccache_stern_encryption(list knapsack, list message, int primenum) encrypts a message with the Naccache-Stern Kryptosystem, using a hard knapsack, a message encoded as binary list and a prime modulus |
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67 | naccache_stern_decryption(list knapsack, int key, int primenum, int message) decrypts a message with the Naccache-Stern Kryptosystem, using the easy knapsack, the key, the prime modulus and the message encoded as integer |
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68 | m_merkle_hellman_transformation(list knapsack, int primitive, int mod1) generates a hard knapsack for the multiplicative Merkle-Hellman Kryptosystem for a given easy knapsack and a primitive root for a modulus mod1 |
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69 | m_merkle_hellman_encryption(list knapsack, list message) encrypts a message with the multiplicative Merkle-Hellman Kryptosystem, using a hard knapsack and a message encoded as binary list |
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70 | m_merkle_hellman_decryption(list knapsack, bigint primitive, bigint mod1, int message) decrypts a message with the multiplicative Merkle-Hellman Kryptosystem, using the easy knapsack, the key given by the primitive root, the modulus mod1 and the message encoded as integer |
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71 | merkle_hellman_transformation(list knapsack, int key, int mod1 generates a hard knapsack for the Merkle-Hellman Kryptosystem for a given easy knapsack , a multiplicator key and a modulus mod1 |
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72 | merkle_hellman_encryption(list knapsack, list message) encrypts a message with the Merkle-Hellman Kryptosystem, using a hard knapsack and a message encoded as binary list |
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73 | merkle_hellman_decryption(list knapsack, int key, int mod1, int message) decrypts a message with the multiplicative Merkle-Hellman Kryptosystem, using the hard knapsack, the key, the modulus mod1 and the message encoded as integer |
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74 | super_increasing_knapsack(int ksize) Creates the smallest super-increasing knapsack of given size ksize |
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75 | h_increasing_knapsack(int ksize, int h) Creates the smallest h-increasing knapsack of given size ksize and h |
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76 | injective_knapsack(int ksize, int kmaxelement) Creates all list of all injective knapsacks of given size ksize and maximal element kmaxelement |
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77 | calculate_max_sum(list a) Calculates the maximal sum of a given knapsack a |
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78 | set_is_injective(list a) Checks if knapsack a is injective |
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79 | is_h_injective(list a, int h) Checks if knapsack a is h-injective |
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80 | is_fix_injective(list a) Checks if knapsack a is fix-injective |
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81 | three_elements(list out, int iterations) Creates the smallest injective knapsack with a given injective_knapsack by using the three-elements-algorithm with a given number of iterations |
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82 | |
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83 | [parameters in square brackets are optional] |
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84 | "; |
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85 | |
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86 | LIB "polylib.lib"; |
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87 | |
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88 | /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
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89 | |
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90 | proc round(number r) |
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91 | "USAGE: round(r); |
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92 | RETURN: the nearest number to r out of Z |
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93 | ASSUME: r should be a rational or a real number |
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94 | EXAMPLE:example round; shows an example |
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95 | " |
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96 | { |
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97 | number a=absValue(r); |
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98 | number v=r/a; |
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99 | |
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100 | number d=10; |
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101 | int e; |
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102 | while(1) |
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103 | { |
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104 | e=e+1; |
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105 | if(a-d^e<0) |
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106 | { |
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107 | e=e-1; |
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108 | break; |
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109 | } |
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110 | } |
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111 | |
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112 | number b=a; |
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113 | int k; |
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114 | for(k=0;k<=e;k++) |
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115 | { |
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116 | while(1) |
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117 | { |
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118 | b=b-d^(e-k); |
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119 | if(b<0) |
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120 | { |
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121 | b=b+d^(e-k); |
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122 | break; |
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123 | } |
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124 | } |
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125 | } |
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126 | |
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127 | if(b<1/2) |
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128 | { |
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129 | return(v*(a-b)); |
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130 | } |
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131 | else |
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132 | { |
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133 | return(v*(a+1-b)); |
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134 | } |
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135 | } |
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136 | example |
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137 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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138 | ring R = (real,50),x,dp; |
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139 | number r=7357683445788723456321.6788643224; |
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140 | round(r); |
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141 | } |
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142 | |
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143 | |
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144 | proc bubblesort(list L) |
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145 | "USAGE: bubblesort(L); |
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146 | RETURN: list L, sort in decreasing order |
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147 | EXAMPLE:example bubblesort; shows an example |
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148 | " |
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149 | { |
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150 | def b; |
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151 | int n,i,j; |
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152 | while(j==0) |
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153 | { |
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154 | i=i+1; |
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155 | j=1; |
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156 | for(n=1;n<=size(L)-i;n++) |
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157 | { |
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158 | if(L[n]<L[n+1]) |
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159 | { |
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160 | b=L[n]; |
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161 | L[n]=L[n+1]; |
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162 | L[n+1]=b; |
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163 | j=0; |
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164 | } |
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165 | } |
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166 | } |
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167 | return(L); |
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168 | } |
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169 | example |
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170 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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171 | ring r = 0,x,dp; |
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172 | list L=-567,-233,446,12,-34,8907; |
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173 | bubblesort(L); |
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174 | } |
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175 | |
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176 | //============================================================================= |
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177 | //=========================== basic prozedures ================================ |
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178 | //============================================================================= |
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179 | |
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180 | proc decimal(string s) |
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181 | "USAGE: decimal(s); s = string |
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182 | RETURN: the (decimal) number corresponding to the hexadecimal number s |
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183 | EXAMPLE:example decimal; shows an example |
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184 | " |
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185 | { |
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186 | int n=size(s); |
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187 | int i; |
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188 | bigint k; |
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189 | bigint t=16; |
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190 | bigint m=0; |
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191 | for(i=1;i<=n;i++) |
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192 | { |
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193 | k=0; |
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194 | if(s[i]=="1"){k=1;} |
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195 | if(s[i]=="2"){k=2;} |
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196 | if(s[i]=="3"){k=3;} |
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197 | if(s[i]=="4"){k=4;} |
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198 | if(s[i]=="5"){k=5;} |
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199 | if(s[i]=="6"){k=6;} |
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200 | if(s[i]=="7"){k=7;} |
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201 | if(s[i]=="8"){k=8;} |
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202 | if(s[i]=="9"){k=9;} |
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203 | if(s[i]=="a"){k=10;} |
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204 | if(s[i]=="b"){k=11;} |
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205 | if(s[i]=="c"){k=12;} |
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206 | if(s[i]=="d"){k=13;} |
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207 | if(s[i]=="e"){k=14;} |
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208 | if(s[i]=="f"){k=15;} |
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209 | m=m*t+k; |
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210 | } |
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211 | return(m); |
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212 | } |
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213 | example |
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214 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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215 | string s ="8edfe37dae96cfd2466d77d3884d4196"; |
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216 | decimal(s); |
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217 | } |
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218 | |
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219 | proc eexgcdN(list L) |
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220 | "USAGE: eexgcdN(L); |
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221 | RETURN: list T such that sum_i L[i]*T[i]=T[n+1]=gcd(L[1],...,L[n]) |
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222 | EXAMPLE:example eexgcdN; shows an example |
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223 | " |
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224 | { |
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225 | if(size(L)==2) |
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226 | { |
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227 | list LL=extgcd(L[1],L[2]);return(list(LL[2],LL[3],LL[1])); |
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228 | } |
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229 | bigint p=L[size(L)]; |
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230 | L=delete(L,size(L)); |
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231 | list T=eexgcdN(L); |
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232 | list S=extgcd(T[size(T)],p); |
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233 | int i; |
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234 | for(i=1;i<=size(T)-1;i++) |
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235 | { |
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236 | T[i]=T[i]*S[2]; |
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237 | } |
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238 | p=T[size(T)]; |
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239 | T[size(T)]=S[3]; |
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240 | T[size(T)+1]=S[1]; |
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241 | return(T); |
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242 | } |
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243 | example |
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244 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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245 | eexgcdN(list(24,15,21)); |
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246 | } |
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247 | |
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248 | proc lcmN(bigint a, bigint b) |
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249 | "USAGE: lcmN(a,b); |
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250 | RETURN: lcm(a,b); |
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251 | EXAMPLE:example lcmN; shows an example |
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252 | " |
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253 | { |
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254 | return (a*b/gcd(a,b)); |
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255 | } |
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256 | example |
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257 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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258 | lcmN(24,15); |
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259 | } |
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260 | |
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261 | proc powerN(bigint m, bigint d, bigint n) |
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262 | "USAGE: powerN(m,d,n); |
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263 | RETURN: m^d mod n |
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264 | EXAMPLE:example powerN; shows an example |
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265 | " |
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266 | { |
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267 | if(d==0){return(bigint(1));} |
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268 | int i; |
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269 | if(n==0) |
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270 | { |
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271 | for(i=12;i>=2;i--) |
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272 | { |
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273 | if((d mod i)==0){return(powerN(m,d div i,n)^i);} |
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274 | } |
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275 | return(m*powerN(m,d-1,n)); |
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276 | } |
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277 | for(i=12;i>=2;i--) |
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278 | { |
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279 | if((d mod i)==0) |
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280 | { |
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281 | bigint rr=powerN(m,d div i,n)^i mod n; |
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282 | if (rr<0) { rr=rr+n;} |
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283 | return(rr); |
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284 | } |
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285 | } |
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286 | return(m*powerN(m,d-1,n) mod n); |
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287 | } |
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288 | example |
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289 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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290 | powerN(24,15,7); |
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291 | } |
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292 | |
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293 | proc chineseRem(list T,list L) |
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294 | "USAGE: chineseRem(T,L); |
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295 | RETURN: x such that x = T[i] mod L[i] |
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296 | NOTE: chinese remainder theorem |
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297 | EXAMPLE:example chineseRem; shows an example |
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298 | " |
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299 | { |
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300 | int i; |
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301 | int n=size(L); |
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302 | bigint N=1; |
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303 | for(i=1;i<=n;i++) |
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304 | { |
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305 | N=N*L[i]; |
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306 | } |
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307 | list M; |
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308 | for(i=1;i<=n;i++) |
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309 | { |
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310 | M[i]=N div L[i]; |
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311 | } |
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312 | list S=eexgcdN(M); |
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313 | bigint x; |
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314 | for(i=1;i<=n;i++) |
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315 | { |
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316 | x=x+S[i]*M[i]*T[i]; |
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317 | } |
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318 | x=x mod N; |
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319 | return(x); |
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320 | } |
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321 | example |
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322 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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323 | chineseRem(list(24,15,7),list(2,3,5)); |
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324 | } |
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325 | |
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326 | proc Jacobi(bigint a, bigint n) |
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327 | "USAGE: Jacobi(a,n); |
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328 | RETURN: the generalized Legendre symbol |
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329 | NOTE: if n is an odd prime then Jacobi(a,n)=0,1,-1 if n|a, a=x^2 mod n,else |
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330 | EXAMPLE:example Jacobi; shows an example |
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331 | " |
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332 | { |
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333 | int i; |
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334 | int z=1; |
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335 | bigint t=1; |
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336 | bigint k; |
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337 | |
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338 | if((((n-1) div 2) mod 2)!=0){z=-1;} |
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339 | if(a<0){return(z*Jacobi(-a,n));} |
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340 | a=a mod n; |
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341 | if(n==1){return(1);} |
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342 | if(a==0){return(0);} |
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343 | |
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344 | while(a!=0) |
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345 | { |
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346 | while((a mod 2)==0) |
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347 | { |
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348 | a=a div 2; |
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349 | if(((n mod 8)==3)||((n mod 8)==5)){t=-t;} |
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350 | } |
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351 | k=a;a=n;n=k; |
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352 | if(((a mod 4)==3)&&((n mod 4)==3)){t=-t;} |
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353 | a=a mod n; |
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354 | } |
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355 | if (n==1){return(t);} |
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356 | return(0); |
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357 | } |
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358 | example |
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359 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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360 | Jacobi(13580555397810650806,5792543); |
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361 | } |
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362 | |
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363 | proc primList(int n) |
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364 | "USAGE: primList(n); |
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365 | RETURN: the list of all primes <=n |
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366 | EXAMPLE:example primList; shows an example |
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367 | " |
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368 | { |
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369 | int i,j; |
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370 | list re; |
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371 | re[1]=2; |
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372 | re[2]=3; |
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373 | for(i=5;i<=n;i=i+2) |
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374 | { |
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375 | j=1; |
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376 | while(j<=size(re)) |
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377 | { |
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378 | if((i mod re[j])==0){break;} |
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379 | j++; |
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380 | } |
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381 | if(j==size(re)+1){re[size(re)+1]=i;} |
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382 | } |
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383 | return(re); |
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384 | } |
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385 | example |
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386 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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387 | list L=primList(100); |
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388 | size(L); |
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389 | L[size(L)]; |
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390 | } |
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391 | |
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392 | proc primL(bigint q) |
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393 | "USAGE: primL(q); |
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394 | RETURN: list of the first primes p_1,...,p_r such that q>p_1*...*p_(r-1) |
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395 | and q<p_1*...*p_r |
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396 | EXAMPLE:example primL; shows an example |
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397 | " |
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398 | { |
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399 | int i,j; |
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400 | list re; |
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401 | re[1]=2; |
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402 | re[2]=3; |
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403 | bigint s=6; |
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404 | i=3; |
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405 | while(s<=q) |
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406 | { |
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407 | i=i+2; |
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408 | j=1; |
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409 | while(j<=size(re)) |
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410 | { |
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411 | if((i mod re[j])==0){break;} |
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412 | j++; |
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413 | } |
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414 | if(j==size(re)+1) |
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415 | { |
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416 | re[size(re)+1]=i; |
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417 | s=s*i; |
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418 | } |
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419 | } |
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420 | return(re); |
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421 | } |
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422 | example |
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423 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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424 | primL(20); |
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425 | } |
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426 | |
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427 | proc intPart(number x) |
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428 | "USAGE: intPart(x); |
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429 | RETURN: the integral part of a rational number |
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430 | EXAMPLE:example intPart; shows an example |
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431 | " |
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432 | { |
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433 | if (x>=0) |
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434 | { |
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435 | return(bigint((numerator(x)-(bigint(numerator(x)) mod bigint(denominator(x))))) |
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436 | div bigint(denominator(x))); |
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437 | } |
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438 | else |
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439 | { |
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440 | return(bigint((numerator(x)-(bigint(numerator(x)) mod bigint(denominator(x)+denominator(x))))) |
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441 | div bigint(denominator(x))); |
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442 | } |
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443 | } |
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444 | example |
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445 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
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446 | ring r=0,x,dp; |
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447 | intPart(7/3); |
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448 | } |
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449 | |
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450 | proc intRoot(bigint mm) |
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451 | "USAGE: intRoot(m); |
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452 | RETURN: the integral part of the square root of m |
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453 | EXAMPLE:example intRoot; shows an example |
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454 | " |
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455 | { |
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456 | ring R = 0,@x,dp; |
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457 | number m=mm; |
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458 | number x=1; |
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459 | number t=x^2; |
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460 | number s=(x+1)^2; |
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461 | while(((m>t)&&(m>s))||((m<t)&&(m<s))) |
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462 | { |
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463 | if (x==0) { t=0; } |
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464 | else |
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465 | { |
---|
466 | x=intPart(x/2+m/(2*x)); //Newton step |
---|
467 | t=x^2; |
---|
468 | } |
---|
469 | if(t>m) |
---|
470 | { |
---|
471 | s=(x-1)^2; |
---|
472 | } |
---|
473 | else |
---|
474 | { |
---|
475 | s=(x+1)^2; |
---|
476 | } |
---|
477 | } |
---|
478 | if(t>m){return(bigint(x-1));} |
---|
479 | if(s==m){return(bigint(x+1));} |
---|
480 | return(bigint(x)); |
---|
481 | } |
---|
482 | example |
---|
483 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
484 | intRoot(20); |
---|
485 | } |
---|
486 | |
---|
487 | proc squareRoot(bigint a, bigint p) |
---|
488 | "USAGE: squareRoot(a,p); |
---|
489 | RETURN: the square root of a in Z/p, p prime |
---|
490 | NOTE: assumes the Jacobi symbol is 1 or p=2. |
---|
491 | EXAMPLE:example squareRoot; shows an example |
---|
492 | " |
---|
493 | { |
---|
494 | if(p==2){return(a);} |
---|
495 | if((a mod p)==0){return(0);} |
---|
496 | if (a<0) { a=a+p; } |
---|
497 | if(powerN(a,p-1,p)!=1) |
---|
498 | { |
---|
499 | "p is not prime"; |
---|
500 | return(bigint(-5)); |
---|
501 | } |
---|
502 | bigint n=random(1,2147483647) mod p; |
---|
503 | if(n==0){n=n+1;} |
---|
504 | bigint j=Jacobi(n,p); |
---|
505 | if(j==0) |
---|
506 | { |
---|
507 | "p is not prime"; |
---|
508 | return(bigint(-5)); |
---|
509 | } |
---|
510 | if(j==1) |
---|
511 | { |
---|
512 | return(squareRoot(a,p)); |
---|
513 | } |
---|
514 | bigint q=p-1; |
---|
515 | bigint e=0; |
---|
516 | bigint two=2; |
---|
517 | bigint z,m,t; |
---|
518 | while((q mod 2)==0) |
---|
519 | { |
---|
520 | e=e+1; |
---|
521 | q=q div 2; |
---|
522 | } |
---|
523 | bigint y=powerN(n,q,p); |
---|
524 | bigint r=e; |
---|
525 | bigint x=powerN(a,(q-1) div 2,p); |
---|
526 | bigint b=a*x^2 mod p; |
---|
527 | x=a*x mod p; |
---|
528 | |
---|
529 | while(((b-1) mod p)!=0) |
---|
530 | { |
---|
531 | m=0;z=b; |
---|
532 | while(((z-1) mod p)!=0) |
---|
533 | { |
---|
534 | z=z^2 mod p; |
---|
535 | m=m+1; |
---|
536 | } |
---|
537 | t=powerN(y,powerN(two,r-m-1,p),p); |
---|
538 | y=t^2 mod p; |
---|
539 | r=m; |
---|
540 | x=x*t mod p; |
---|
541 | b=b*y mod p; |
---|
542 | } |
---|
543 | return(x); |
---|
544 | } |
---|
545 | example |
---|
546 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
547 | squareRoot(8315890421938608,32003); |
---|
548 | } |
---|
549 | |
---|
550 | |
---|
551 | proc solutionsMod2(bigintmat MM) |
---|
552 | "USAGE: solutionsMod2(M); |
---|
553 | RETURN: an intmat containing a basis of the vector space of solutions of the |
---|
554 | linear system of equations defined by M over the prime field of |
---|
555 | characteristic 2 |
---|
556 | EXAMPLE:example solutionsMod2; shows an example |
---|
557 | " |
---|
558 | { |
---|
559 | ring Rhelp=2,z,(c,dp); |
---|
560 | int i,j; |
---|
561 | matrix M[nrows(MM)][ncols(MM)]; |
---|
562 | for(i=1;i<=nrows(MM);i++) |
---|
563 | { |
---|
564 | for(j=1;j<=ncols(MM);j++) |
---|
565 | { |
---|
566 | M[i,j]=MM[i,j]; |
---|
567 | } |
---|
568 | } |
---|
569 | matrix S=syz(M); |
---|
570 | intmat v[nrows(S)][ncols(S)]; |
---|
571 | for(i=1;i<=nrows(S);i++) |
---|
572 | { |
---|
573 | for(j=1;j<=ncols(S);j++) |
---|
574 | { |
---|
575 | if(S[i,j]==1){v[i,j]=1;} |
---|
576 | } |
---|
577 | } |
---|
578 | return(v); |
---|
579 | } |
---|
580 | example |
---|
581 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
582 | bigintmat M[3][3]=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,6,5; |
---|
583 | solutionsMod2(M); |
---|
584 | } |
---|
585 | |
---|
586 | proc powerX(int q, int i, ideal I) |
---|
587 | "USAGE: powerX(q,i,I); |
---|
588 | RETURN: the q-th power of the i-th variable modulo I |
---|
589 | ASSUME: I is a standard basis |
---|
590 | EXAMPLE:example powerX; shows an example |
---|
591 | " |
---|
592 | { |
---|
593 | if(q<=181){return(reduce(var(i)^int(q),I));} |
---|
594 | if((q mod 5)==0){return(reduce(powerX(q div 5,i,I)^5,I));} |
---|
595 | if((q mod 4)==0){return(reduce(powerX(q div 4,i,I)^4,I));} |
---|
596 | if((q mod 3)==0){return(reduce(powerX(q div 3,i,I)^3,I));} |
---|
597 | if((q mod 2)==0){return(reduce(powerX(q div 2,i,I)^2,I));} |
---|
598 | return(reduce(var(i)*powerX(q-1,i,I),I)); |
---|
599 | } |
---|
600 | example |
---|
601 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
602 | ring R = 0,(x,y),dp; |
---|
603 | powerX(100,2,std(ideal(x3-1,y2-x))); |
---|
604 | } |
---|
605 | |
---|
606 | //====================================================================== |
---|
607 | //=========================== Discrete Logarithm ======================= |
---|
608 | //====================================================================== |
---|
609 | |
---|
610 | //============== Shank's baby step - giant step ======================== |
---|
611 | |
---|
612 | proc babyGiant(bigint b, bigint y, bigint p) |
---|
613 | "USAGE: babyGiant(b,y,p); |
---|
614 | RETURN: the discrete logarithm x: b^x=y mod p |
---|
615 | NOTE: This procedure works based on Shank's baby step - giant step method. |
---|
616 | EXAMPLE:example babyGiant; shows an example |
---|
617 | " |
---|
618 | { |
---|
619 | int i,j,m; |
---|
620 | list l; |
---|
621 | bigint h=1; |
---|
622 | bigint x; |
---|
623 | |
---|
624 | //choose m minimal such that m^2>p |
---|
625 | for(i=1;i<=p;i++){if(i^2>p) break;} |
---|
626 | m=i; |
---|
627 | |
---|
628 | //baby-step: compute the table y*b^i for 1<=i<=m |
---|
629 | for(i=1;i<=m;i++){l[i]=y*b^i mod p;} |
---|
630 | |
---|
631 | //giant-step: compute b^(m+j), 1<=j<=m and search in the baby-step table |
---|
632 | //for an i with y*b^i=b^(m*j). If found then x=m*j-i |
---|
633 | bigint g=b^m mod p; |
---|
634 | while(j<m) |
---|
635 | { |
---|
636 | j++; |
---|
637 | h=h*g mod p; |
---|
638 | for(i=1;i<=m;i++) |
---|
639 | { |
---|
640 | if(h==l[i]) |
---|
641 | { |
---|
642 | x=m*j-i; |
---|
643 | j=m; |
---|
644 | break; |
---|
645 | } |
---|
646 | } |
---|
647 | } |
---|
648 | return(x); |
---|
649 | } |
---|
650 | example |
---|
651 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
652 | bigint b=2; |
---|
653 | bigint y=10; |
---|
654 | bigint p=101; |
---|
655 | babyGiant(b,y,p); |
---|
656 | } |
---|
657 | |
---|
658 | //============== Pollards rho ================================= |
---|
659 | |
---|
660 | proc rho(bigint b, bigint y, bigint p) |
---|
661 | "USAGE: rho(b,y,p); |
---|
662 | RETURN: the discrete logarithm x=log_b(y): b^x=y mod p |
---|
663 | NOTE: Pollard's rho: |
---|
664 | choose random f_0 in 0,...,p-2 ,e_0=0, define x_0=b^f_0, define |
---|
665 | x_i=y^e_i*b^f_i as below. For i large enough there is i with |
---|
666 | x_(i/2)=x_i. Let s:=e_(i/2)-e_i mod p-1 and t:=f_i-f_(i/2) mod p-1, |
---|
667 | d=gcd(s,p-1)=u*s+v*(p-1) then x=tu/d +j*(p-1)/d for some j (to be |
---|
668 | found by trying) |
---|
669 | EXAMPLE:example rho; shows an example |
---|
670 | " |
---|
671 | { |
---|
672 | int i=1; |
---|
673 | int j; |
---|
674 | bigint s,t; |
---|
675 | list e,f,x; |
---|
676 | |
---|
677 | e[1]=0; |
---|
678 | f[1]=random(0,2147483629) mod (p-1); |
---|
679 | x[1]=powerN(b,f[1],p); |
---|
680 | while(i) |
---|
681 | { |
---|
682 | if((x[i] mod 3)==1) |
---|
683 | { |
---|
684 | x[i+1]=y*x[i] mod p; |
---|
685 | e[i+1]=e[i]+1 mod (p-1); |
---|
686 | f[i+1]=f[i]; |
---|
687 | } |
---|
688 | if((x[i] mod 3)==2) |
---|
689 | { |
---|
690 | x[i+1]=x[i]^2 mod p; |
---|
691 | e[i+1]=e[i]*2 mod (p-1); |
---|
692 | f[i+1]=f[i]*2 mod (p-1); |
---|
693 | } |
---|
694 | if((x[i] mod 3)==0) |
---|
695 | { |
---|
696 | x[i+1]=x[i]*b mod p; |
---|
697 | e[i+1]=e[i]; |
---|
698 | f[i+1]=f[i]+1 mod (p-1); |
---|
699 | } |
---|
700 | i++; |
---|
701 | for(j=i-1;j>=1;j--) |
---|
702 | { |
---|
703 | if(x[i]==x[j]) |
---|
704 | { |
---|
705 | s=(e[j]-e[i]) mod (p-1); |
---|
706 | t=(f[i]-f[j]) mod (p-1); |
---|
707 | if(s!=0) |
---|
708 | { |
---|
709 | i=0; |
---|
710 | } |
---|
711 | else |
---|
712 | { |
---|
713 | e[1]=0; |
---|
714 | f[1]=random(0,2147483629) mod (p-1); |
---|
715 | x[1]=powerN(b,f[1],p); |
---|
716 | i=1; |
---|
717 | } |
---|
718 | break; |
---|
719 | } |
---|
720 | } |
---|
721 | } |
---|
722 | |
---|
723 | list w=extgcd(s,p-1); |
---|
724 | bigint u=w[2]; |
---|
725 | bigint d=w[1]; |
---|
726 | |
---|
727 | bigint a=(t*u div d) mod (p-1); |
---|
728 | |
---|
729 | bigint pn=powerN(b,a,p); |
---|
730 | if (pn<0) { pn=pn+p;} |
---|
731 | while(powerN(b,a,p)!=y) |
---|
732 | { |
---|
733 | a=(a+(p-1) div d) mod (p-1); |
---|
734 | if (a<0) { a=a+p-1; } |
---|
735 | } |
---|
736 | return(a); |
---|
737 | } |
---|
738 | example |
---|
739 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
740 | bigint b=2; |
---|
741 | bigint y=10; |
---|
742 | bigint p=101; |
---|
743 | rho(b,y,p); |
---|
744 | } |
---|
745 | //==================================================================== |
---|
746 | //====================== Primality Tests ============================= |
---|
747 | //==================================================================== |
---|
748 | |
---|
749 | //================================= Miller-Rabin ===================== |
---|
750 | |
---|
751 | proc MillerRabin(bigint n, int k) |
---|
752 | "USAGE: MillerRabin(n,k); |
---|
753 | RETURN: 1 if n is prime, 0 else |
---|
754 | NOTE: probabilistic test of Miller-Rabin with k loops to test if n is prime. |
---|
755 | Using the theorem: If n is prime, n-1=2^s*r, r odd, then |
---|
756 | powerN(a,r,n)=1 or powerN(a,r*2^i,n)=-1 for some i |
---|
757 | EXAMPLE:example MillerRabin; shows an example |
---|
758 | " |
---|
759 | { |
---|
760 | if(n<0){n=-n;} |
---|
761 | if((n==2)||(n==3)){return(1);} |
---|
762 | if((n mod 2)==0){return(0);} |
---|
763 | |
---|
764 | int i; |
---|
765 | bigint a,b,j,r,s; |
---|
766 | r=n-1; |
---|
767 | s=0; |
---|
768 | while((r mod 2)==0) |
---|
769 | { |
---|
770 | s=s+1; |
---|
771 | r=r div 2; |
---|
772 | } |
---|
773 | while(i<k) |
---|
774 | { |
---|
775 | i++; |
---|
776 | a=random(2,2147483629) mod n; if(a==0){a=3;} |
---|
777 | if(gcd(a,n)!=1){return(0);} |
---|
778 | b=powerN(a,r,n); |
---|
779 | if(b!=1) |
---|
780 | { |
---|
781 | j=0; |
---|
782 | while(j<s) |
---|
783 | { |
---|
784 | if(((b+1) mod n)==0) break; |
---|
785 | b=powerN(b,2,n); |
---|
786 | j=j+1; |
---|
787 | } |
---|
788 | if(j==s){return(0);} |
---|
789 | } |
---|
790 | } |
---|
791 | return(1); |
---|
792 | } |
---|
793 | example |
---|
794 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
795 | bigint x=2; |
---|
796 | x=x^787-1; |
---|
797 | MillerRabin(x,3); |
---|
798 | } |
---|
799 | |
---|
800 | //======================= Soloway-Strassen ========================== |
---|
801 | |
---|
802 | proc SolowayStrassen(bigint n, int k) |
---|
803 | "USAGE: SolowayStrassen(n,k); |
---|
804 | RETURN: 1 if n is prime, 0 else |
---|
805 | NOTE: probabilistic test of Soloway-Strassen with k loops to test if n is |
---|
806 | prime using the theorem: If n is prime then |
---|
807 | powerN(a,(n-1)/2,n)=Jacobi(a,n) mod n |
---|
808 | EXAMPLE:example SolowayStrassen; shows an example |
---|
809 | " |
---|
810 | { |
---|
811 | if(n<0){n=-n;} |
---|
812 | if((n==2)||(n==3)){return(1);} |
---|
813 | if((n mod 2)==0){return(0);} |
---|
814 | |
---|
815 | bigint a,pn,jn; |
---|
816 | int i; |
---|
817 | while(i<k) |
---|
818 | { |
---|
819 | i++; |
---|
820 | a=random(2,2147483629) mod n; if(a==0){a=3;} |
---|
821 | if(gcd(a,n)!=1){return(0);} |
---|
822 | pn=powerN(a,(n-1) div 2,n); |
---|
823 | if (pn<0) { pn=pn+n;} |
---|
824 | jn=Jacobi(a,n) mod n; |
---|
825 | if (jn<0) { jn=jn+n;} |
---|
826 | if(pn!=jn){return(0);} |
---|
827 | } |
---|
828 | return(1); |
---|
829 | } |
---|
830 | example |
---|
831 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
832 | bigint h=10; |
---|
833 | bigint p=h^100+267; |
---|
834 | //p=h^100+43723; |
---|
835 | //p=h^200+632347; |
---|
836 | SolowayStrassen(h,3); |
---|
837 | } |
---|
838 | |
---|
839 | |
---|
840 | /* |
---|
841 | ring R=0,z,dp; |
---|
842 | number p=398075086424064937397125500550386491199064362342526708406385189575946388957261768583317; |
---|
843 | number q=472772146107435302536223071973048224632914695302097116459852171130520711256363590397527; |
---|
844 | number n=p*q; |
---|
845 | SolowayStrassen(n,3); |
---|
846 | */ |
---|
847 | |
---|
848 | //===================== Pocklington-Lehmer ============================== |
---|
849 | |
---|
850 | proc PocklingtonLehmer(bigint N, list #) |
---|
851 | "USAGE: PocklingtonLehmer(N); optional: PocklingtonLehmer(N,L); |
---|
852 | L a list of the first k primes |
---|
853 | RETURN:message N is not prime or {A,{p},{a_p}} as certificate for N being prime |
---|
854 | NOTE:assumes that it is possible to factorize N-1=A*B such that gcd(A,B)=1, |
---|
855 | the factorization of A is completely known and A^2>N . |
---|
856 | N is prime if and only if for each prime factor p of A we can find |
---|
857 | a_p such that a_p^(N-1)=1 mod N and gcd(a_p^((N-1)/p)-1,N)=1 |
---|
858 | EXAMPLE:example PocklingtonLehmer; shows an example |
---|
859 | " |
---|
860 | { |
---|
861 | bigint m=intRoot(N); |
---|
862 | if(size(#)>0) |
---|
863 | { |
---|
864 | list S=PollardRho(N-1,10000,1,#); |
---|
865 | } |
---|
866 | else |
---|
867 | { |
---|
868 | list S=PollardRho(N-1,10000,1); |
---|
869 | } |
---|
870 | int i,j; |
---|
871 | bigint A=1; |
---|
872 | bigint p,a,g; |
---|
873 | list PA; |
---|
874 | list re; |
---|
875 | |
---|
876 | while(i<size(S)) |
---|
877 | { |
---|
878 | p=S[i+1]; |
---|
879 | A=A*p; |
---|
880 | PA[i+1]=p; |
---|
881 | if(A>m){break;} |
---|
882 | |
---|
883 | while(1) |
---|
884 | { |
---|
885 | p=p*S[i+1]; |
---|
886 | if(((N-1) mod p)==0) |
---|
887 | { |
---|
888 | A=A*p; |
---|
889 | } |
---|
890 | else |
---|
891 | { |
---|
892 | break; |
---|
893 | } |
---|
894 | } |
---|
895 | i++; |
---|
896 | } |
---|
897 | if(A<=m) |
---|
898 | { |
---|
899 | A=N div A; |
---|
900 | PA=list(S[size(S)]); |
---|
901 | } |
---|
902 | for(i=1;i<=size(PA);i++) |
---|
903 | { |
---|
904 | a=1; |
---|
905 | while(a<N-1) |
---|
906 | { |
---|
907 | a=a+1; |
---|
908 | if(powerN(a,N-1,N)!=1){return("not prime");} |
---|
909 | g=gcd(powerN(a,(N-1) div PA[i],N),N); |
---|
910 | if(g==1) |
---|
911 | { |
---|
912 | re[size(re)+1]=list(PA[i],a); |
---|
913 | break; |
---|
914 | } |
---|
915 | if(g<N){"not prime";return(g);} |
---|
916 | } |
---|
917 | } |
---|
918 | return(list(A,re)); |
---|
919 | } |
---|
920 | example |
---|
921 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
922 | bigint N=105554676553297; |
---|
923 | PocklingtonLehmer(N); |
---|
924 | list L=primList(1000); |
---|
925 | PocklingtonLehmer(N,L); |
---|
926 | } |
---|
927 | |
---|
928 | //======================================================================= |
---|
929 | //======================= Factorization ================================= |
---|
930 | //======================================================================= |
---|
931 | |
---|
932 | //======================= Pollards rho ================================= |
---|
933 | |
---|
934 | proc PollardRho(bigint n, int k, int allFactors, list #) |
---|
935 | "USAGE: PollardRho(n,k,allFactors); optional: PollardRho(n,k,allFactors,L); |
---|
936 | L a list of the first k primes |
---|
937 | RETURN: a list of factors of n (which could be just n),if allFactors=0@* |
---|
938 | a list of all factors of n ,if allFactors=1 |
---|
939 | NOTE: probabilistic rho-algorithm of Pollard to find a factor of n in k loops. |
---|
940 | Creates a sequence x_i such that (x_i)^2=(x_2i)^2 mod n for some i, |
---|
941 | computes gcd(x_i-x_2i,n) to find a divisor. To define the sequence |
---|
942 | choose x,a and define x_n+1=x_n^2+a mod n, x_1=x. |
---|
943 | If allFactors is 1, it tries to find recursively all prime factors |
---|
944 | using the Soloway-Strassen test. |
---|
945 | SEE ALSO: primefactors |
---|
946 | EXAMPLE:example PollardRho; shows an example |
---|
947 | " |
---|
948 | { |
---|
949 | int i,j; |
---|
950 | list L=primList(100); |
---|
951 | list re,se; |
---|
952 | if(n<0){n=-n;} |
---|
953 | if(n==1){return(re);} |
---|
954 | |
---|
955 | //this is optional: test whether a prime of the list # divides n |
---|
956 | if(size(#)>0) |
---|
957 | { |
---|
958 | L=#; |
---|
959 | } |
---|
960 | for(i=1;i<=size(L);i++) |
---|
961 | { |
---|
962 | if((n mod L[i])==0) |
---|
963 | { |
---|
964 | re[size(re)+1]=L[i]; |
---|
965 | while((n mod L[i])==0) |
---|
966 | { |
---|
967 | n=n div L[i]; |
---|
968 | } |
---|
969 | } |
---|
970 | if(n==1){return(re);} |
---|
971 | } |
---|
972 | int e=size(re); |
---|
973 | //here the rho-algorithm starts |
---|
974 | bigint a,d,x,y; |
---|
975 | while(n>1) |
---|
976 | { |
---|
977 | a=random(2,2147483629); |
---|
978 | x=random(2,2147483629); |
---|
979 | y=x; |
---|
980 | d=1; |
---|
981 | i=0; |
---|
982 | while(i<k) |
---|
983 | { |
---|
984 | i++; |
---|
985 | x=powerN(x,2,n); x=(x+a) mod n; |
---|
986 | y=powerN(y,2,n); y=(y+a) mod n; |
---|
987 | y=powerN(y,2,n); y=(y+a) mod n; |
---|
988 | d=gcd(x-y,n); |
---|
989 | if(d>1) |
---|
990 | { |
---|
991 | re[size(re)+1]=d; |
---|
992 | while((n mod d)==0) |
---|
993 | { |
---|
994 | n=n div d; |
---|
995 | } |
---|
996 | break; |
---|
997 | } |
---|
998 | if(i==k) |
---|
999 | { |
---|
1000 | re[size(re)+1]=n; |
---|
1001 | n=1; |
---|
1002 | } |
---|
1003 | } |
---|
1004 | } |
---|
1005 | if(allFactors) //want to obtain all prime factors |
---|
1006 | { |
---|
1007 | i=e; |
---|
1008 | while(i<size(re)) |
---|
1009 | { |
---|
1010 | i++; |
---|
1011 | |
---|
1012 | if(!SolowayStrassen(re[i],5)) |
---|
1013 | { |
---|
1014 | se=PollardRho(re[i],2*k,1); |
---|
1015 | re[i]=se[size(se)]; |
---|
1016 | for(j=1;j<=size(se)-1;j++) |
---|
1017 | { |
---|
1018 | re[size(re)+1]=se[j]; |
---|
1019 | } |
---|
1020 | i--; |
---|
1021 | } |
---|
1022 | } |
---|
1023 | } |
---|
1024 | return(re); |
---|
1025 | } |
---|
1026 | example |
---|
1027 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1028 | bigint h=10; |
---|
1029 | bigint p=h^30+4; |
---|
1030 | PollardRho(p,5000,0); |
---|
1031 | } |
---|
1032 | |
---|
1033 | //======================== Pollards p-factorization ================ |
---|
1034 | proc pFactor(bigint n,int B, list P) |
---|
1035 | "USAGE: pFactor(n,B,P); n to be factorized, B a bound , P a list of primes |
---|
1036 | RETURN: a list of factors of n or n if no factor found |
---|
1037 | NOTE: Pollard's p-factorization |
---|
1038 | creates the product k of powers of primes (bounded by B) from |
---|
1039 | the list P with the idea that for a prime divisor p of n we have |
---|
1040 | p-1|k, and then p divides gcd(a^k-1,n) for some random a |
---|
1041 | EXAMPLE:example pFactor; shows an example |
---|
1042 | " |
---|
1043 | { |
---|
1044 | int i; |
---|
1045 | bigint k=1; |
---|
1046 | bigint w; |
---|
1047 | while(i<size(P)) |
---|
1048 | { |
---|
1049 | i++; |
---|
1050 | w=P[i]; |
---|
1051 | if(w>B) break; |
---|
1052 | while(w*P[i]<=B) |
---|
1053 | { |
---|
1054 | w=w*P[i]; |
---|
1055 | } |
---|
1056 | k=k*w; |
---|
1057 | } |
---|
1058 | bigint a=random(2,2147483629); |
---|
1059 | bigint d=gcd(powerN(a,k,n)-1,n); |
---|
1060 | if((d>1)&&(d<n)){return(d);} |
---|
1061 | return(n); |
---|
1062 | } |
---|
1063 | example |
---|
1064 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1065 | list L=primList(1000); |
---|
1066 | pFactor(1241143,13,L); |
---|
1067 | bigint h=10; |
---|
1068 | h=h^30+25; |
---|
1069 | pFactor(h,20,L); |
---|
1070 | } |
---|
1071 | |
---|
1072 | //==================== quadratic sieve ============================== |
---|
1073 | |
---|
1074 | proc quadraticSieve(bigint n, int c, list B, int k) |
---|
1075 | "USAGE: quadraticSieve(n,c,B,k); n to be factorized, [-c,c] the |
---|
1076 | sieve-intervall, B a list of primes, |
---|
1077 | k for using the first k elements in B |
---|
1078 | RETURN: a list of factors of n or the message: no divisor found |
---|
1079 | NOTE: The idea being used is to find x,y such that x^2=y^2 mod n then |
---|
1080 | gcd(x-y,n) can be a proper divisor of n |
---|
1081 | EXAMPLE:example quadraticSieve; shows an example |
---|
1082 | " |
---|
1083 | { |
---|
1084 | bigint f,d; |
---|
1085 | int i,j,l,s,p; |
---|
1086 | list S,tmp; |
---|
1087 | intvec v; |
---|
1088 | v[k]=0; |
---|
1089 | |
---|
1090 | //compute the integral part of the square root of n |
---|
1091 | bigint m=intRoot(n); |
---|
1092 | |
---|
1093 | //consider the function f(X)=(X+m)^2-n and compute for s in [-c,c] the values |
---|
1094 | while(i<=2*c) |
---|
1095 | { |
---|
1096 | f=(i-c+m)^2-n; |
---|
1097 | tmp[1]=i-c+m; |
---|
1098 | tmp[2]=f; |
---|
1099 | tmp[3]=v; |
---|
1100 | S[i+1]=tmp; |
---|
1101 | i++; |
---|
1102 | } |
---|
1103 | |
---|
1104 | //the sieve with p in B |
---|
1105 | //find all s in [-c,c] such that f(s) has all prime divisors in the first |
---|
1106 | //k elements of B and the decomposition of f(s). They are characterized |
---|
1107 | //by 1 or -1 at the second place of S[j]: |
---|
1108 | //S[j]=j-c+m,f(j-c)/p_1^v_1*...*p_k^v_k, v_1,...,v_k maximal |
---|
1109 | for(i=1;i<=k;i++) |
---|
1110 | { |
---|
1111 | p=B[i]; |
---|
1112 | if((p>2)&&(Jacobi(n,p)==-1)){i++;continue;}//n is no quadratic rest mod p |
---|
1113 | j=1; |
---|
1114 | while(j<=p) |
---|
1115 | { |
---|
1116 | if(j>2*c+1) break; |
---|
1117 | f=S[j][2]; |
---|
1118 | v=S[j][3]; |
---|
1119 | s=0; |
---|
1120 | while((f mod p)==0) |
---|
1121 | { |
---|
1122 | s++; |
---|
1123 | f=f div p; |
---|
1124 | } |
---|
1125 | if(s) |
---|
1126 | { |
---|
1127 | S[j][2]=f; |
---|
1128 | v[i]=s; |
---|
1129 | S[j][3]=v; |
---|
1130 | l=j; |
---|
1131 | while(l+p<=2*c+1) |
---|
1132 | { |
---|
1133 | l=l+p; |
---|
1134 | f=S[l][2]; |
---|
1135 | v=S[l][3]; |
---|
1136 | s=0; |
---|
1137 | while((f mod p)==0) |
---|
1138 | { |
---|
1139 | s++; |
---|
1140 | f=f div p; |
---|
1141 | } |
---|
1142 | S[l][2]=f; |
---|
1143 | v[i]=s; |
---|
1144 | S[l][3]=v; |
---|
1145 | } |
---|
1146 | } |
---|
1147 | j++; |
---|
1148 | } |
---|
1149 | } |
---|
1150 | list T; |
---|
1151 | for(j=1;j<=2*c+1;j++) |
---|
1152 | { |
---|
1153 | if((S[j][2]==1)||(S[j][2]==-1)) |
---|
1154 | { |
---|
1155 | T[size(T)+1]=S[j]; |
---|
1156 | } |
---|
1157 | } |
---|
1158 | |
---|
1159 | //the system of equations for the exponents {l_s} for the f(s) such |
---|
1160 | //product f(s)^l_s is a square (l_s are 1 or 0) |
---|
1161 | bigintmat M[k+1][size(T)]; |
---|
1162 | for(j=1;j<=size(T);j++) |
---|
1163 | { |
---|
1164 | if(T[j][2]==-1){M[1,j]=1;} |
---|
1165 | for(i=1;i<=k;i++) |
---|
1166 | { |
---|
1167 | M[i+1,j]=T[j][3][i]; |
---|
1168 | } |
---|
1169 | } |
---|
1170 | intmat G=solutionsMod2(M); |
---|
1171 | |
---|
1172 | //construction of x and y such that x^2=y^2 mod n and d=gcd(x-y,n) |
---|
1173 | //y=square root of product f(s)^l_s |
---|
1174 | //x=product s+m |
---|
1175 | bigint x=1; |
---|
1176 | bigint y=1; |
---|
1177 | |
---|
1178 | for(i=1;i<=ncols(G);i++) |
---|
1179 | { |
---|
1180 | kill v; |
---|
1181 | intvec v; |
---|
1182 | v[k]=0; |
---|
1183 | for(j=1;j<=size(T);j++) |
---|
1184 | { |
---|
1185 | x=x*T[j][1]^G[j,i] mod n; |
---|
1186 | if((T[j][2]==-1)&&(G[j,i]==1)){y=-y;} |
---|
1187 | v=v+G[j,i]*T[j][3]; |
---|
1188 | |
---|
1189 | } |
---|
1190 | for(l=1;l<=k;l++) |
---|
1191 | { |
---|
1192 | y=y*B[l]^(v[l] div 2) mod n; |
---|
1193 | } |
---|
1194 | d=gcd(x-y,n); |
---|
1195 | if((d>1)&&(d<n)){return(d);} |
---|
1196 | } |
---|
1197 | return("no divisor found"); |
---|
1198 | } |
---|
1199 | example |
---|
1200 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1201 | list L=primList(5000); |
---|
1202 | quadraticSieve(7429,3,L,4); |
---|
1203 | quadraticSieve(1241143,100,L,50); |
---|
1204 | } |
---|
1205 | |
---|
1206 | //====================================================================== |
---|
1207 | //==================== elliptic curves ================================ |
---|
1208 | //====================================================================== |
---|
1209 | |
---|
1210 | //================= elementary operations ============================== |
---|
1211 | |
---|
1212 | proc isOnCurve(bigint N, bigint a, bigint b, list P) |
---|
1213 | "USAGE: isOnCurve(N,a,b,P); |
---|
1214 | RETURN: 1 or 0 (depending on whether P is on the curve or not) |
---|
1215 | NOTE: checks whether P=(P[1]:P[2]:P[3]) is a point on the elliptic |
---|
1216 | curve defined by y^2z=x^3+a*xz^2+b*z^3 over Z/N |
---|
1217 | EXAMPLE:example isOnCurve; shows an example |
---|
1218 | " |
---|
1219 | { |
---|
1220 | if(((P[2]^2*P[3]-P[1]^3-a*P[1]*P[3]^2-b*P[3]^3) mod N)!=0){return(0);} |
---|
1221 | return(1); |
---|
1222 | } |
---|
1223 | example |
---|
1224 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1225 | isOnCurve(32003,5,7,list(10,16,1)); |
---|
1226 | } |
---|
1227 | |
---|
1228 | proc ellipticAdd(bigint N, bigint a, bigint b, list P, list Q) |
---|
1229 | "USAGE: ellipticAdd(N,a,b,P,Q); |
---|
1230 | RETURN: list L, representing the point P+Q |
---|
1231 | NOTE: P=(P[1]:P[2]:P[3]), Q=(Q[1]:Q[2]:Q[3]) points on the elliptic curve |
---|
1232 | defined by y^2z=x^3+a*xz^2+b*z^3 over Z/N |
---|
1233 | EXAMPLE:example ellipticAdd; shows an example |
---|
1234 | " |
---|
1235 | { |
---|
1236 | if(N==2){ERROR("not implemented for 2");} |
---|
1237 | int i; |
---|
1238 | for(i=1;i<=3;i++) |
---|
1239 | { |
---|
1240 | P[i]=P[i] mod N; if (P[i]<0) { P[i]=P[i]+N:} |
---|
1241 | Q[i]=Q[i] mod N; if (Q[i]<0) { Q[i]=Q[i]+N;} |
---|
1242 | } |
---|
1243 | list Resu; |
---|
1244 | Resu[1]=bigint(0); |
---|
1245 | Resu[2]=bigint(1); |
---|
1246 | Resu[3]=bigint(0); |
---|
1247 | list Error; |
---|
1248 | Error[1]=0; |
---|
1249 | //test for ellictic curve |
---|
1250 | bigint D=4*a^3+27*b^2; |
---|
1251 | bigint g=gcd(D,N); |
---|
1252 | if(g==N){return(Error);} |
---|
1253 | if(g!=1) |
---|
1254 | { |
---|
1255 | P[4]=g; |
---|
1256 | return(P); |
---|
1257 | } |
---|
1258 | if(((P[1]==0)&&(P[2]==0)&&(P[3]==0))||((Q[1]==0)&&(Q[2]==0)&&(Q[3]==0))) |
---|
1259 | { |
---|
1260 | Error[1]=-2; |
---|
1261 | return(Error); |
---|
1262 | } |
---|
1263 | if(!isOnCurve(N,a,b,P)||!isOnCurve(N,a,b,Q)) |
---|
1264 | { |
---|
1265 | Error[1]=-1; |
---|
1266 | return(Error); |
---|
1267 | } |
---|
1268 | if(P[3]==0){return(Q);} |
---|
1269 | if(Q[3]==0){return(P);} |
---|
1270 | list I=extgcd(P[3],N); |
---|
1271 | if(I[1]!=1) |
---|
1272 | { |
---|
1273 | P[4]=I[1]; |
---|
1274 | return(P); |
---|
1275 | } |
---|
1276 | P[1]=P[1]*I[2] mod N; |
---|
1277 | P[2]=P[2]*I[2] mod N; |
---|
1278 | I=extgcd(Q[3],N); |
---|
1279 | if(I[1]!=1) |
---|
1280 | { |
---|
1281 | P[4]=I[1]; |
---|
1282 | return(P); |
---|
1283 | } |
---|
1284 | Q[1]=Q[1]*I[2] mod N; |
---|
1285 | Q[2]=Q[2]*I[2] mod N; |
---|
1286 | if((P[1]==Q[1])&&(((P[2]+Q[2]) mod N)==0)){return(Resu);} |
---|
1287 | bigint L; |
---|
1288 | if((P[1]==Q[1])&&(P[2]==Q[2])) |
---|
1289 | { |
---|
1290 | I=extgcd(2*Q[2],N); |
---|
1291 | if(I[1]!=1) |
---|
1292 | { |
---|
1293 | P[4]=I[1]; |
---|
1294 | return(P); |
---|
1295 | } |
---|
1296 | L=I[2]*(3*Q[1]^2+a) mod N; |
---|
1297 | } |
---|
1298 | else |
---|
1299 | { |
---|
1300 | I=extgcd(Q[1]-P[1],N); |
---|
1301 | if(I[1]!=1) |
---|
1302 | { |
---|
1303 | P[4]=I[1]; |
---|
1304 | return(P); |
---|
1305 | } |
---|
1306 | L=(Q[2]-P[2])*I[2] mod N; |
---|
1307 | } |
---|
1308 | Resu[1]=(L^2-P[1]-Q[1]) mod N; |
---|
1309 | if (Resu[1]<0) { Resu[1]=Resu[1]+N; } |
---|
1310 | Resu[2]=(L*(P[1]-Resu[1])-P[2]) mod N; |
---|
1311 | if (Resu[2]<0) { Resu[2]=Resu[2]+N; } |
---|
1312 | Resu[3]=bigint(1); |
---|
1313 | return(Resu); |
---|
1314 | } |
---|
1315 | example |
---|
1316 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1317 | bigint N=11; |
---|
1318 | bigint a=1; |
---|
1319 | bigint b=6; |
---|
1320 | list P,Q; |
---|
1321 | P[1]=2; |
---|
1322 | P[2]=4; |
---|
1323 | P[3]=1; |
---|
1324 | Q[1]=3; |
---|
1325 | Q[2]=5; |
---|
1326 | Q[3]=1; |
---|
1327 | ellipticAdd(N,a,b,P,Q); |
---|
1328 | } |
---|
1329 | |
---|
1330 | proc ellipticMult(bigint N, bigint a, bigint b, list P, bigint k) |
---|
1331 | "USAGE: ellipticMult(N,a,b,P,k); |
---|
1332 | RETURN: a list L representing the point k*P |
---|
1333 | NOTE: P=(P[1]:P[2]:P[3]) a point on the elliptic curve defined by |
---|
1334 | y^2z=x^3+a*xz^2+b*z^3 over Z/N |
---|
1335 | EXAMPLE:example ellipticMult; shows an example |
---|
1336 | " |
---|
1337 | { |
---|
1338 | if(P[3]==0){return(P);} |
---|
1339 | list resu; |
---|
1340 | resu[1]=bigint(0); |
---|
1341 | resu[2]=bigint(1); |
---|
1342 | resu[3]=bigint(0); |
---|
1343 | |
---|
1344 | if(k==0){return(resu);} |
---|
1345 | if(k==1){return(P);} |
---|
1346 | if(k==2){return(ellipticAdd(N,a,b,P,P));} |
---|
1347 | if(k==-1) |
---|
1348 | { |
---|
1349 | resu=P; |
---|
1350 | resu[2]=N-P[2]; |
---|
1351 | return(resu); |
---|
1352 | } |
---|
1353 | if(k<0) |
---|
1354 | { |
---|
1355 | resu=ellipticMult(N,a,b,P,-k); |
---|
1356 | return(ellipticMult(N,a,b,resu,-1)); |
---|
1357 | } |
---|
1358 | if((k mod 2)==0) |
---|
1359 | { |
---|
1360 | resu=ellipticMult(N,a,b,P,k div 2); |
---|
1361 | return(ellipticAdd(N,a,b,resu,resu)); |
---|
1362 | } |
---|
1363 | resu=ellipticMult(N,a,b,P,k-1); |
---|
1364 | return(ellipticAdd(N,a,b,resu,P)); |
---|
1365 | } |
---|
1366 | example |
---|
1367 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1368 | bigint N=11; |
---|
1369 | bigint a=1; |
---|
1370 | bigint b=6; |
---|
1371 | list P; |
---|
1372 | P[1]=2; |
---|
1373 | P[2]=4; |
---|
1374 | P[3]=1; |
---|
1375 | ellipticMult(N,a,b,P,3); |
---|
1376 | } |
---|
1377 | |
---|
1378 | //================== Random for elliptic curves ===================== |
---|
1379 | |
---|
1380 | proc ellipticRandomCurve(bigint N) |
---|
1381 | "USAGE: ellipticRandomCurve(N); |
---|
1382 | RETURN: a list of two random numbers a,b and 4a^3+27b^2 mod N |
---|
1383 | NOTE: y^2z=x^3+a*xz^2+b^2*z^3 defines an elliptic curve over Z/N |
---|
1384 | EXAMPLE:example ellipticRandomCurve; shows an example |
---|
1385 | " |
---|
1386 | { |
---|
1387 | int k; |
---|
1388 | while(k<=10) |
---|
1389 | { |
---|
1390 | k++; |
---|
1391 | bigint a=random(1,2147483647) mod N; |
---|
1392 | bigint b=random(1,2147483647) mod N; |
---|
1393 | //test for ellictic curve |
---|
1394 | bigint D=4*a^3+27*b^4; //the constant term is b^2 |
---|
1395 | bigint g=gcd(D,N); |
---|
1396 | if(g<N){return(list(a,b,g));} |
---|
1397 | } |
---|
1398 | ERROR("no random curve found"); |
---|
1399 | } |
---|
1400 | example |
---|
1401 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1402 | ellipticRandomCurve(32003); |
---|
1403 | } |
---|
1404 | |
---|
1405 | proc ellipticRandomPoint(bigint N, bigint a, bigint b) |
---|
1406 | "USAGE: ellipticRandomPoint(N,a,b); |
---|
1407 | RETURN: a list representing a random point (x:y:z) of the elliptic curve |
---|
1408 | defined by y^2z=x^3+a*xz^2+b*z^3 over Z/N |
---|
1409 | EXAMPLE:example ellipticRandomPoint; shows an example |
---|
1410 | " |
---|
1411 | { |
---|
1412 | bigint x=random(1,2147483647) mod N; |
---|
1413 | bigint h=x^3+a*x+b; |
---|
1414 | h=h mod N; |
---|
1415 | list resu; |
---|
1416 | resu[1]=x; |
---|
1417 | resu[2]=0; |
---|
1418 | resu[3]=1; |
---|
1419 | if(h==0){return(resu);} |
---|
1420 | |
---|
1421 | bigint n=Jacobi(h,N); |
---|
1422 | if(n==0) |
---|
1423 | { |
---|
1424 | resu=-5; |
---|
1425 | "N is not prime"; |
---|
1426 | return(resu); |
---|
1427 | } |
---|
1428 | if(n==1) |
---|
1429 | { |
---|
1430 | resu[2]=squareRoot(h,N); |
---|
1431 | return(resu); |
---|
1432 | } |
---|
1433 | return(ellipticRandomPoint(N,a,b)); |
---|
1434 | } |
---|
1435 | example |
---|
1436 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1437 | ellipticRandomPoint(32003,3,181); |
---|
1438 | } |
---|
1439 | |
---|
1440 | |
---|
1441 | |
---|
1442 | //==================================================================== |
---|
1443 | //======== counting the points of an elliptic curve ================= |
---|
1444 | //==================================================================== |
---|
1445 | |
---|
1446 | //================== the trivial approaches ======================= |
---|
1447 | proc countPoints(bigint N, bigint a, bigint b) |
---|
1448 | "USAGE: countPoints(N,a,b); |
---|
1449 | RETURN: the number of points of the elliptic curve defined by |
---|
1450 | y^2=x^3+a*x+b over Z/N |
---|
1451 | NOTE: trivial approach |
---|
1452 | EXAMPLE:example countPoints; shows an example |
---|
1453 | " |
---|
1454 | { |
---|
1455 | bigint x; |
---|
1456 | bigint r=N+1; |
---|
1457 | while(x<N) |
---|
1458 | { |
---|
1459 | r=r+Jacobi((x^3+a*x+b) mod N,N); |
---|
1460 | x=x+1; |
---|
1461 | } |
---|
1462 | return(r); |
---|
1463 | } |
---|
1464 | example |
---|
1465 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1466 | countPoints(181,71,150); |
---|
1467 | } |
---|
1468 | |
---|
1469 | proc ellipticAllPoints(bigint N, bigint a, bigint b) |
---|
1470 | "USAGE: ellipticAllPoints(N,a,b); |
---|
1471 | RETURN: list of points (x:y:z) of the elliptic curve defined by |
---|
1472 | y^2z=x^3+a*xz^2+b*z^3 over Z/N |
---|
1473 | EXAMPLE:example ellipticAllPoints; shows an example |
---|
1474 | " |
---|
1475 | { |
---|
1476 | list resu,point; |
---|
1477 | point[1]=0; |
---|
1478 | point[2]=1; |
---|
1479 | point[3]=0; |
---|
1480 | resu[1]=point; |
---|
1481 | point[3]=1; |
---|
1482 | bigint x,h,n; |
---|
1483 | while(x<N) |
---|
1484 | { |
---|
1485 | h=(x^3+a*x+b) mod N; |
---|
1486 | if(h==0) |
---|
1487 | { |
---|
1488 | point[1]=x; |
---|
1489 | point[2]=0; |
---|
1490 | resu[size(resu)+1]=point; |
---|
1491 | } |
---|
1492 | else |
---|
1493 | { |
---|
1494 | n=Jacobi(h,N); |
---|
1495 | if(n==1) |
---|
1496 | { |
---|
1497 | n=squareRoot(h,N); |
---|
1498 | point[1]=x; |
---|
1499 | point[2]=n; |
---|
1500 | resu[size(resu)+1]=point; |
---|
1501 | point[2]=N-n; |
---|
1502 | resu[size(resu)+1]=point; |
---|
1503 | } |
---|
1504 | } |
---|
1505 | x=x+1; |
---|
1506 | } |
---|
1507 | return(resu); |
---|
1508 | } |
---|
1509 | example |
---|
1510 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1511 | list L=ellipticAllPoints(181,71,150); |
---|
1512 | size(L); |
---|
1513 | L[size(L)]; |
---|
1514 | } |
---|
1515 | |
---|
1516 | //================ the algorithm of Shanks and Mestre ================= |
---|
1517 | |
---|
1518 | proc ShanksMestre(bigint q, bigint a, bigint b, list #) |
---|
1519 | "USAGE: ShanksMestre(q,a,b); optional: ShanksMestre(q,a,b,s); s the number |
---|
1520 | of loops in the algorithm (default s=1) |
---|
1521 | RETURN: the number of points of the elliptic curve defined by |
---|
1522 | y^2=x^3+a*x+b over Z/N |
---|
1523 | NOTE: algorithm of Shanks and Mestre (baby-step-giant-step) |
---|
1524 | EXAMPLE:example ShanksMestre; shows an example |
---|
1525 | " |
---|
1526 | { |
---|
1527 | bigint n=intRoot(4*q); |
---|
1528 | bigint m=intRoot(intRoot(16*q))+1; |
---|
1529 | bigint d; |
---|
1530 | int i,j,k,s; |
---|
1531 | list B,K,T,P,Q,R,mP; |
---|
1532 | B[1]=list(0,1,0); |
---|
1533 | if(size(#)>0) |
---|
1534 | { |
---|
1535 | s=#[1]; |
---|
1536 | } |
---|
1537 | else |
---|
1538 | { |
---|
1539 | s=1; |
---|
1540 | } |
---|
1541 | while(k<s) |
---|
1542 | { |
---|
1543 | P =ellipticRandomPoint(q,a,b); |
---|
1544 | Q =ellipticMult(q,a,b,P,n+q+1); |
---|
1545 | |
---|
1546 | while(j<m) |
---|
1547 | { |
---|
1548 | j++; |
---|
1549 | B[j+1]=ellipticAdd(q,a,b,P,B[j]); //baby-step list |
---|
1550 | } |
---|
1551 | mP=ellipticAdd(q,a,b,P,B[j]); |
---|
1552 | mP[2]=q-mP[2]; |
---|
1553 | while(i<m) //giant-step |
---|
1554 | { |
---|
1555 | j=0; |
---|
1556 | while(j<m) |
---|
1557 | { |
---|
1558 | j++; |
---|
1559 | if((Q[1]==B[j][1])&&(Q[2]==B[j][2])&&(Q[3]==B[j][3])) |
---|
1560 | { |
---|
1561 | T[1]=P; |
---|
1562 | T[2]=q+1+n-(i*m+j-1); |
---|
1563 | K[size(K)+1]=T; |
---|
1564 | if(size(K)>1) |
---|
1565 | { |
---|
1566 | if(K[size(K)][2]!=K[size(K)-1][2]) |
---|
1567 | { |
---|
1568 | d=gcd(K[size(K)][2],K[size(K)-1][2]); |
---|
1569 | if(ellipticMult(q,a,b,K[size(K)],d)[3]==0) |
---|
1570 | { |
---|
1571 | K[size(K)][2]=K[size(K)-1][2]; |
---|
1572 | } |
---|
1573 | } |
---|
1574 | } |
---|
1575 | i=int(m); |
---|
1576 | break; |
---|
1577 | } |
---|
1578 | } |
---|
1579 | i=i+1; |
---|
1580 | Q=ellipticAdd(q,a,b,mP,Q); |
---|
1581 | } |
---|
1582 | k++; |
---|
1583 | } |
---|
1584 | if(size(K)>0) |
---|
1585 | { |
---|
1586 | int te=1; |
---|
1587 | for(i=1;i<=size(K)-1;i++) |
---|
1588 | { |
---|
1589 | if(K[size(K)][2]!=K[i][2]) |
---|
1590 | { |
---|
1591 | if(ellipticMult(q,a,b,K[i],K[size(K)][2])[3]!=0) |
---|
1592 | { |
---|
1593 | te=0; |
---|
1594 | break; |
---|
1595 | } |
---|
1596 | } |
---|
1597 | } |
---|
1598 | if(te) |
---|
1599 | { |
---|
1600 | return(K[size(K)][2]); |
---|
1601 | } |
---|
1602 | } |
---|
1603 | return(ShanksMestre(q,a,b,s)); |
---|
1604 | } |
---|
1605 | example |
---|
1606 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1607 | ShanksMestre(32003,71,602); |
---|
1608 | } |
---|
1609 | |
---|
1610 | //==================== Schoof's algorithm ============================= |
---|
1611 | |
---|
1612 | proc Schoof(bigint N,bigint a, bigint b) |
---|
1613 | "USAGE: Schoof(N,a,b); |
---|
1614 | RETURN: the number of points of the elliptic curve defined by |
---|
1615 | y^2=x^3+a*x+b over Z/N |
---|
1616 | NOTE: algorithm of Schoof |
---|
1617 | EXAMPLE:example Schoof; shows an example |
---|
1618 | " |
---|
1619 | { |
---|
1620 | int pr=printlevel; |
---|
1621 | //test for ellictic curve |
---|
1622 | bigint D=4*a^3+27*b^2; |
---|
1623 | bigint G=gcd(D,N); |
---|
1624 | if(G==N){ERROR("not an elliptic curve");} |
---|
1625 | if(G!=1){ERROR("not a prime");} |
---|
1626 | |
---|
1627 | //=== small N |
---|
1628 | // if((N<=500)&&(pr<5)){return(countPoints(int(N),a,b));} |
---|
1629 | |
---|
1630 | //=== the general case |
---|
1631 | bigint q=intRoot(4*N); |
---|
1632 | list L=primL(2*q); |
---|
1633 | int r=size(L); |
---|
1634 | list T; |
---|
1635 | int i,j; |
---|
1636 | for(j=1;j<=r;j++) |
---|
1637 | { |
---|
1638 | T[j]=(testElliptic(int(N),a,b,L[j])+int(q)) mod L[j]; |
---|
1639 | } |
---|
1640 | if(pr>=5) |
---|
1641 | { |
---|
1642 | "==================================================================="; |
---|
1643 | "Chinese remainder :"; |
---|
1644 | for(i=1;i<=size(T);i++) |
---|
1645 | { |
---|
1646 | " x =",T[i]," mod ",L[i]; |
---|
1647 | } |
---|
1648 | "gives t+ integral part of the square root of q (to be positive)"; |
---|
1649 | chineseRem(T,L); |
---|
1650 | "we obtain t = ",chineseRem(T,L)-q; |
---|
1651 | "==================================================================="; |
---|
1652 | } |
---|
1653 | bigint t=chineseRem(T,L)-q; |
---|
1654 | return(N+1-t); |
---|
1655 | } |
---|
1656 | example |
---|
1657 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1658 | Schoof(32003,71,602); |
---|
1659 | } |
---|
1660 | |
---|
1661 | /* |
---|
1662 | needs 518 sec |
---|
1663 | Schoof(2147483629,17,3567); |
---|
1664 | 2147168895 |
---|
1665 | */ |
---|
1666 | |
---|
1667 | |
---|
1668 | proc generateG(number a,number b, int m) |
---|
1669 | "USAGE: generateG(a,b,m); |
---|
1670 | RETURN: m-th division polynomial |
---|
1671 | NOTE: generate the so-called division polynomials, i.e., the recursively defined |
---|
1672 | polynomials p_m=generateG(a,b,m) in Z[x, y] such that, for a point (x:y:1) on the |
---|
1673 | elliptic curve defined by y^2=x^3+a*x+b over Z/N the point@* |
---|
1674 | m*P=(x-(p_(m-1)*p_(m+1))/p_m^2 :(p_(m+2)*p_(m-1)^2-p_(m-2)*p_(m+1)^2)/4y*p_m^3 :1) |
---|
1675 | and m*P=0 if and only if p_m(P)=0 |
---|
1676 | EXAMPLE:example generateG; shows an example |
---|
1677 | " |
---|
1678 | { |
---|
1679 | if(m==0){return(poly(0));} |
---|
1680 | if(m==1){return(poly(1));} |
---|
1681 | if(m==2){return(2*var(1));} |
---|
1682 | if(m==3){return(3*var(2)^4+6*a*var(2)^2+12*b*var(2)-a^2);} |
---|
1683 | if(m==4) |
---|
1684 | { |
---|
1685 | return(4*var(1)*(var(2)^6+5*a*var(2)^4+20*b*var(2)^3-5*a^2*var(2)^2 |
---|
1686 | -4*a*b*var(2)-8*b^2-a^3)); |
---|
1687 | } |
---|
1688 | if((m mod 2)==0) |
---|
1689 | { |
---|
1690 | return((generateG(a,b,m div 2+2)*generateG(a,b,m div 2-1)^2 |
---|
1691 | -generateG(a,b,m div 2-2)*generateG(a,b,m div 2+1)^2) |
---|
1692 | *generateG(a,b,m div 2)/(2*var(1))); |
---|
1693 | } |
---|
1694 | return(generateG(a,b,(m-1) div 2+2)*generateG(a,b,(m-1) div 2)^3 |
---|
1695 | -generateG(a,b,(m-1) div 2-1)*generateG(a,b,(m-1) div 2+1)^3); |
---|
1696 | } |
---|
1697 | example |
---|
1698 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1699 | ring R = 0,(x,y),dp; |
---|
1700 | generateG(7,15,4); |
---|
1701 | } |
---|
1702 | |
---|
1703 | |
---|
1704 | static proc testElliptic(int q,bigint aa,bigint bb,int l) |
---|
1705 | "USAGE: testElliptic(q,a,b,l); |
---|
1706 | RETURN: an integer t, the trace of the Frobenius |
---|
1707 | NOTE: the kernel for the Schoof algorithm: looks for the t such that for all |
---|
1708 | points (x:y:1) in C[l]={P in C | l*P=0},C the elliptic curve defined by |
---|
1709 | y^2=x^3+a*x+b over Z/q with group structure induced by 0=(0:1:0), |
---|
1710 | (x:y:1)^(q^2)-t*(x:y:1)^q -ql*(x:y:1)=(0:1:0), ql= q mod l, trace of |
---|
1711 | Frobenius. |
---|
1712 | EXAMPLE:example testElliptic; shows an example |
---|
1713 | " |
---|
1714 | { |
---|
1715 | int pr=printlevel; |
---|
1716 | ring S=q,(y,x),(L(100000),lp); |
---|
1717 | number a=aa; |
---|
1718 | number b=bb; |
---|
1719 | poly F=y2-x3-a*x-b; // the curve C |
---|
1720 | poly G=generateG(a,b,l); |
---|
1721 | ideal I=std(ideal(F,G)); // the points C[l] |
---|
1722 | poly xq=powerX(q,2,I); |
---|
1723 | poly yq=powerX(q,1,I); |
---|
1724 | poly xq2=reduce(subst(xq,x,xq,y,yq),I); |
---|
1725 | poly yq2=reduce(subst(yq,x,xq,y,yq),I); |
---|
1726 | ideal J; |
---|
1727 | int ql=q mod l; |
---|
1728 | if(ql==0){ERROR("q is not prime");} |
---|
1729 | int t; |
---|
1730 | poly F1,F2,G1,G2,P1,P2,Q1,Q2,H1,H2,L1,L2; |
---|
1731 | |
---|
1732 | if(pr>=5) |
---|
1733 | { |
---|
1734 | "==================================================================="; |
---|
1735 | "q=",q; |
---|
1736 | "l=",l; |
---|
1737 | "q mod l=",ql; |
---|
1738 | "the Groebner basis for C[l]:";I; |
---|
1739 | "x^q mod I = ",xq; |
---|
1740 | "x^(q^2) mod I = ",xq2; |
---|
1741 | "y^q mod I = ",yq; |
---|
1742 | "y^(q^2) mod I = ",yq2; |
---|
1743 | pause(); |
---|
1744 | } |
---|
1745 | //==== l=2 ============================================================= |
---|
1746 | if(l==2) |
---|
1747 | { |
---|
1748 | xq=powerX(q,2,std(x3+a*x+b)); |
---|
1749 | J=std(ideal(xq-x,x3+a*x+b)); |
---|
1750 | if(deg(J[1])==0){t=1;} |
---|
1751 | if(pr>=5) |
---|
1752 | { |
---|
1753 | "==================================================================="; |
---|
1754 | "the case l=2"; |
---|
1755 | "the gcd(x^q-x,x^3+ax+b)=",J[1]; |
---|
1756 | pause(); |
---|
1757 | } |
---|
1758 | return(t); |
---|
1759 | } |
---|
1760 | //=== (F1/G1,F2/G2)=[ql](x,y) ========================================== |
---|
1761 | if(ql==1) |
---|
1762 | { |
---|
1763 | F1=x;G1=1;F2=y;G2=1; |
---|
1764 | } |
---|
1765 | else |
---|
1766 | { |
---|
1767 | G1=reduce(generateG(a,b,ql)^2,I); |
---|
1768 | F1=reduce(x*G1-generateG(a,b,ql-1)*generateG(a,b,ql+1),I); |
---|
1769 | G2=reduce(4*y*generateG(a,b,ql)^3,I); |
---|
1770 | F2=reduce(generateG(a,b,ql+2)*generateG(a,b,ql-1)^2 |
---|
1771 | -generateG(a,b,ql-2)*generateG(a,b,ql+1)^2,I); |
---|
1772 | |
---|
1773 | } |
---|
1774 | if(pr>=5) |
---|
1775 | { |
---|
1776 | "==================================================================="; |
---|
1777 | "the point ql*(x,y)=(F1/G1,F2/G2)"; |
---|
1778 | "F1=",F1; |
---|
1779 | "G1=",G1; |
---|
1780 | "F2=",F2; |
---|
1781 | "G2=",G2; |
---|
1782 | pause(); |
---|
1783 | } |
---|
1784 | //==== the case t=0 : the equations for (x,y)^(q^2)=-[ql](x,y) === |
---|
1785 | J[1]=xq2*G1-F1; |
---|
1786 | J[2]=yq2*G2+F2; |
---|
1787 | if(pr>=5) |
---|
1788 | { |
---|
1789 | "==================================================================="; |
---|
1790 | "the case t=0 mod l"; |
---|
1791 | "the equations for (x,y)^(q^2)=-[ql](x,y) :"; |
---|
1792 | J; |
---|
1793 | "the test, if they vanish for all points in C[l]:"; |
---|
1794 | reduce(J,I); |
---|
1795 | pause(); |
---|
1796 | } |
---|
1797 | //=== test if all points of C[l] satisfy (x,y)^(q^2)=-[ql](x,y) |
---|
1798 | //=== if so: t mod l =0 is returned |
---|
1799 | if(size(reduce(J,I,5))==0){return(0);} |
---|
1800 | |
---|
1801 | //==== test for (x,y)^(q^2)=[ql](x,y) for some point |
---|
1802 | |
---|
1803 | J=xq2*G1-F1,yq2*G2-F2; |
---|
1804 | J=std(J+I); |
---|
1805 | if(pr>=5) |
---|
1806 | { |
---|
1807 | "==================================================================="; |
---|
1808 | "test if (x,y)^(q^2)=[ql](x,y) for one point"; |
---|
1809 | "if so, the Frobenius has an eigenvalue 2ql/t: (x,y)^q=(2ql/t)*(x,y)"; |
---|
1810 | "it follows that t^2=4q mod l"; |
---|
1811 | "if w is one square root of q mod l"; |
---|
1812 | "t =2w mod l or -2w mod l "; |
---|
1813 | "-------------------------------------------------------------------"; |
---|
1814 | "the equations for (x,y)^(q^2)=[ql](x,y) :"; |
---|
1815 | xq2*G1-F1,yq2*G2-F2; |
---|
1816 | "the test if one point satisfies them"; |
---|
1817 | J; |
---|
1818 | pause(); |
---|
1819 | } |
---|
1820 | if(deg(J[1])>0) |
---|
1821 | { |
---|
1822 | int w=int(squareRoot(q,l)); |
---|
1823 | //=== +/-2w mod l zurueckgeben, wenn (x,y)^q=+/-[w](x,y) |
---|
1824 | //==== the case t>0 : (Q1/P1,Q2/P2)=[w](x,y) ============== |
---|
1825 | if(w==1) |
---|
1826 | { |
---|
1827 | Q1=x;P1=1;Q2=y;P2=1; |
---|
1828 | } |
---|
1829 | else |
---|
1830 | { |
---|
1831 | P1=reduce(generateG(a,b,w)^2,I); |
---|
1832 | Q1=reduce(x*G1-generateG(a,b,w-1)*generateG(a,b,w+1),I); |
---|
1833 | P2=reduce(4*y*generateG(a,b,w)^3,I); |
---|
1834 | Q2=reduce(generateG(a,b,w+2)*generateG(a,b,w-1)^2 |
---|
1835 | -generateG(a,b,w-2)*generateG(a,b,w+1)^2,I); |
---|
1836 | } |
---|
1837 | J=xq*P1-Q1,yq*P2-Q2; |
---|
1838 | J=std(I+J); |
---|
1839 | if(pr>=5) |
---|
1840 | { |
---|
1841 | "==================================================================="; |
---|
1842 | "the Frobenius has an eigenvalue, one of the roots of w^2=q mod l:"; |
---|
1843 | "one root is:";w; |
---|
1844 | "test, if it is the eigenvalue (if not it must be -w):"; |
---|
1845 | "the equations for (x,y)^q=w*(x,y)";I;xq*P1-Q1,yq*P2-Q2; |
---|
1846 | "the Groebner basis"; |
---|
1847 | J; |
---|
1848 | pause(); |
---|
1849 | } |
---|
1850 | if(deg(J[1])>0){return(2*w mod l);} |
---|
1851 | return(-2*w mod l); |
---|
1852 | } |
---|
1853 | |
---|
1854 | //==== the case t>0 : (Q1/P1,Q2/P2)=(x,y)^(q^2)+[ql](x,y) ===== |
---|
1855 | P1=reduce(G1*G2^2*(F1-xq2*G1)^2,I); |
---|
1856 | Q1=reduce((F2-yq2*G2)^2*G1^3-F1*G2^2*(F1-xq2*G1)^2-xq2*P1,I); |
---|
1857 | P2=reduce(P1*G2*(F1-xq2*G1),I); |
---|
1858 | Q2=reduce((xq2*P1-Q1)*(F2-yq2*G2)*G1-yq2*P2,I); |
---|
1859 | |
---|
1860 | if(pr>=5) |
---|
1861 | { |
---|
1862 | "we are in the general case:"; |
---|
1863 | "(x,y)^(q^2)!=ql*(x,y) and (x,y)^(q^2)!=-ql*(x,y) "; |
---|
1864 | "the point (Q1/P1,Q2/P2)=(x,y)^(q^2)+[ql](x,y)"; |
---|
1865 | "Q1=",Q1; |
---|
1866 | "P1=",P1; |
---|
1867 | "Q2=",Q2; |
---|
1868 | "P2=",P2; |
---|
1869 | pause(); |
---|
1870 | } |
---|
1871 | while(t<(l-1) div 2) |
---|
1872 | { |
---|
1873 | t++; |
---|
1874 | //==== (H1/L1,H2/L2)=[t](x,y)^q =============================== |
---|
1875 | if(t==1) |
---|
1876 | { |
---|
1877 | H1=xq;L1=1; |
---|
1878 | H2=yq;L2=1; |
---|
1879 | } |
---|
1880 | else |
---|
1881 | { |
---|
1882 | H1=x*generateG(a,b,t)^2-generateG(a,b,t-1)*generateG(a,b,t+1); |
---|
1883 | H1=subst(H1,x,xq,y,yq); |
---|
1884 | H1=reduce(H1,I); |
---|
1885 | L1=generateG(a,b,t)^2; |
---|
1886 | L1=subst(L1,x,xq,y,yq); |
---|
1887 | L1=reduce(L1,I); |
---|
1888 | H2=generateG(a,b,t+2)*generateG(a,b,t-1)^2 |
---|
1889 | -generateG(a,b,t-2)*generateG(a,b,t+1)^2; |
---|
1890 | H2=subst(H2,x,xq,y,yq); |
---|
1891 | H2=reduce(H2,I); |
---|
1892 | L2=4*y*generateG(a,b,t)^3; |
---|
1893 | L2=subst(L2,x,xq,y,yq); |
---|
1894 | L2=reduce(L2,I); |
---|
1895 | } |
---|
1896 | J=Q1*L1-P1*H1,Q2*L2-P2*H2; |
---|
1897 | if(pr>=5) |
---|
1898 | { |
---|
1899 | "we test now the different t, 0<t<=(l-1)/2:"; |
---|
1900 | "the point (H1/L1,H2/L2)=[t](x,y)^q :"; |
---|
1901 | "H1=",H1; |
---|
1902 | "L1=",L1; |
---|
1903 | "H2=",H2; |
---|
1904 | "L2=",L2; |
---|
1905 | "the equations for (x,y)^(q^2)+[ql](x,y)=[t](x,y)^q :";J; |
---|
1906 | "the test";reduce(J,I); |
---|
1907 | "the test for l-t (the x-cordinate is the same):"; |
---|
1908 | Q1*L1-P1*H1,Q2*L2+P2*H2; |
---|
1909 | reduce(ideal(Q1*L1-P1*H1,Q2*L2+P2*H2),I); |
---|
1910 | pause(); |
---|
1911 | } |
---|
1912 | if(size(reduce(J,I,5))==0){return(t);} |
---|
1913 | J=Q1*L1-P1*H1,Q2*L2+P2*H2; |
---|
1914 | if(size(reduce(J,I,5))==0){return(l-t);} |
---|
1915 | } |
---|
1916 | ERROR("something is wrong in testElliptic"); |
---|
1917 | } |
---|
1918 | example |
---|
1919 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1920 | testElliptic(1267985441,338474977,64740730,3); |
---|
1921 | } |
---|
1922 | |
---|
1923 | //============================================================================ |
---|
1924 | //================== Factorization and Primality Test ======================== |
---|
1925 | //============================================================================ |
---|
1926 | |
---|
1927 | //============= Lenstra's ECM Factorization ================================== |
---|
1928 | |
---|
1929 | proc factorLenstraECM(bigint N, list S, int B, list #) |
---|
1930 | "USAGE: factorLenstraECM(N,S,B); optional: factorLenstraECM(N,S,B,d); |
---|
1931 | d+1 the number of loops in the algorithm (default d=0) |
---|
1932 | RETURN: a factor of N or the message no factor found |
---|
1933 | NOTE: - computes a factor of N using Lenstra's ECM factorization@* |
---|
1934 | - the idea is that the fact that N is not prime is detected using |
---|
1935 | the operations on the elliptic curve |
---|
1936 | - is similarly to Pollard's p-1-factorization |
---|
1937 | EXAMPLE:example factorLenstraECM; shows an example |
---|
1938 | " |
---|
1939 | { |
---|
1940 | list L,P; |
---|
1941 | bigint g,M,w; |
---|
1942 | int i,j,k,d; |
---|
1943 | int l=size(S); |
---|
1944 | if(size(#)>0) |
---|
1945 | { |
---|
1946 | d=#[1]; |
---|
1947 | } |
---|
1948 | |
---|
1949 | while(i<=d) |
---|
1950 | { |
---|
1951 | L=ellipticRandomCurve(N); |
---|
1952 | if(L[3]>1){return(L[3]);} //the discriminant was not invertible |
---|
1953 | P=list(0,L[2],1); |
---|
1954 | j=0; |
---|
1955 | M=1; |
---|
1956 | while(j<l) |
---|
1957 | { |
---|
1958 | j++; |
---|
1959 | w=S[j]; |
---|
1960 | if(w>B) break; |
---|
1961 | while(w*S[j]<B) |
---|
1962 | { |
---|
1963 | w=w*S[j]; |
---|
1964 | } |
---|
1965 | M=M*w; |
---|
1966 | P=ellipticMult(N,L[1],L[2]^2,P,w); |
---|
1967 | if(size(P)==4){return(P[4]);} //some inverse did not exist |
---|
1968 | if(P[3]==0){break;} //the case M*P=0 |
---|
1969 | } |
---|
1970 | i++; |
---|
1971 | } |
---|
1972 | return("no factor found"); |
---|
1973 | } |
---|
1974 | example |
---|
1975 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
1976 | list L=primList(1000); |
---|
1977 | factorLenstraECM(181*32003,L,10,5); |
---|
1978 | bigint h=10; |
---|
1979 | h=h^30+25; |
---|
1980 | factorLenstraECM(h,L,4,3); |
---|
1981 | } |
---|
1982 | |
---|
1983 | //================= ECPP (Goldwasser-Kilian) a primaly-test ============= |
---|
1984 | |
---|
1985 | proc ECPP(bigint N) |
---|
1986 | "USAGE: ECPP(N); |
---|
1987 | RETURN: message:N is not prime or {L,P,m,q} as certificate for N being prime@* |
---|
1988 | L a list (y^2=x^3+L[1]*x+L[2] defines an elliptic curve C)@* |
---|
1989 | P a list ((P[1]:P[2]:P[3]) is a point of C)@* |
---|
1990 | m,q integers |
---|
1991 | ASSUME: gcd(N,6)=1 |
---|
1992 | NOTE: The basis of the algorithm is the following theorem: |
---|
1993 | Given C, an elliptic curve over Z/N, P a point of C(Z/N), |
---|
1994 | m an integer, q a prime with the following properties: |
---|
1995 | - q|m |
---|
1996 | - q>(4-th root(N) +1)^2 |
---|
1997 | - m*P=0=(0:1:0) |
---|
1998 | - (m/q)*P=(x:y:z) and z a unit in Z/N |
---|
1999 | Then N is prime. |
---|
2000 | EXAMPLE:example ECPP; shows an example |
---|
2001 | " |
---|
2002 | { |
---|
2003 | list L,S,P; |
---|
2004 | bigint m,q; |
---|
2005 | int i; |
---|
2006 | |
---|
2007 | bigint n=intRoot(intRoot(N)); |
---|
2008 | n=(n+1)^2; //lower bound for q |
---|
2009 | while(1) |
---|
2010 | { |
---|
2011 | L=ellipticRandomCurve(N); //a random elliptic curve C |
---|
2012 | m=ShanksMestre(N,L[1],L[2],3); //number of points of the curve C |
---|
2013 | S=PollardRho(m,10000,1); //factorization of m |
---|
2014 | for(i=1;i<=size(S);i++) //search for q between the primes |
---|
2015 | { |
---|
2016 | q=S[i]; |
---|
2017 | if(n<q){break;} |
---|
2018 | } |
---|
2019 | if(n<q){break;} |
---|
2020 | } |
---|
2021 | bigint u=m/q; |
---|
2022 | while(1) |
---|
2023 | { |
---|
2024 | P=ellipticRandomPoint(N,L[1],L[2]); //a random point on C |
---|
2025 | "P=",P; |
---|
2026 | if(ellipticMult(N,L[1],L[2],P,m)[3]!=0){"N is not prime";return(-5);} |
---|
2027 | if(ellipticMult(N,L[1],L[2],P,u)[3]!=0) |
---|
2028 | { |
---|
2029 | L=delete(L,3); |
---|
2030 | return(list(L,P,m,q)); |
---|
2031 | } |
---|
2032 | } |
---|
2033 | } |
---|
2034 | example |
---|
2035 | { "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2036 | bigint N=1267985441; |
---|
2037 | ECPP(N); |
---|
2038 | } |
---|
2039 | |
---|
2040 | static proc wordToNumber(string s) |
---|
2041 | { |
---|
2042 | int i; |
---|
2043 | intvec v; |
---|
2044 | bigint n; |
---|
2045 | bigint t=27; |
---|
2046 | for(i=size(s);i>0;i--) |
---|
2047 | { |
---|
2048 | if(s[i]=="a"){v[i]=0;} |
---|
2049 | if(s[i]=="b"){v[i]=1;} |
---|
2050 | if(s[i]=="c"){v[i]=2;} |
---|
2051 | if(s[i]=="d"){v[i]=3;} |
---|
2052 | if(s[i]=="e"){v[i]=4;} |
---|
2053 | if(s[i]=="f"){v[i]=5;} |
---|
2054 | if(s[i]=="g"){v[i]=6;} |
---|
2055 | if(s[i]=="h"){v[i]=7;} |
---|
2056 | if(s[i]=="i"){v[i]=8;} |
---|
2057 | if(s[i]=="j"){v[i]=9;} |
---|
2058 | if(s[i]=="k"){v[i]=10;} |
---|
2059 | if(s[i]=="l"){v[i]=11;} |
---|
2060 | if(s[i]=="m"){v[i]=12;} |
---|
2061 | if(s[i]=="n"){v[i]=13;} |
---|
2062 | if(s[i]=="o"){v[i]=14;} |
---|
2063 | if(s[i]=="p"){v[i]=15;} |
---|
2064 | if(s[i]=="q"){v[i]=16;} |
---|
2065 | if(s[i]=="r"){v[i]=17;} |
---|
2066 | if(s[i]=="s"){v[i]=18;} |
---|
2067 | if(s[i]=="t"){v[i]=19;} |
---|
2068 | if(s[i]=="u"){v[i]=20;} |
---|
2069 | if(s[i]=="v"){v[i]=21;} |
---|
2070 | if(s[i]=="w"){v[i]=22;} |
---|
2071 | if(s[i]=="x"){v[i]=23;} |
---|
2072 | if(s[i]=="y"){v[i]=24;} |
---|
2073 | if(s[i]=="z"){v[i]=25;} |
---|
2074 | if(s[i]==" "){v[i]=26;} |
---|
2075 | } |
---|
2076 | for(i=1;i<=size(s);i++) |
---|
2077 | { |
---|
2078 | n=n+v[i]*t^(i-1); |
---|
2079 | } |
---|
2080 | return(n); |
---|
2081 | } |
---|
2082 | |
---|
2083 | static proc numberToWord(bigint n) |
---|
2084 | { |
---|
2085 | int i,j; |
---|
2086 | string v; |
---|
2087 | list s; |
---|
2088 | bigint t=27; |
---|
2089 | bigint mm; |
---|
2090 | bigint nn=n; |
---|
2091 | while(nn>t) |
---|
2092 | { |
---|
2093 | j++; |
---|
2094 | mm=nn mod t; |
---|
2095 | s[j]=mm; |
---|
2096 | nn=(nn-mm) div t; |
---|
2097 | } |
---|
2098 | j++; |
---|
2099 | s[j]=nn; |
---|
2100 | for(i=1;i<=j;i++) |
---|
2101 | { |
---|
2102 | if(s[i]==0){v=v+"a";} |
---|
2103 | if(s[i]==1){v=v+"b";} |
---|
2104 | if(s[i]==2){v=v+"c";} |
---|
2105 | if(s[i]==3){v=v+"d";} |
---|
2106 | if(s[i]==4){v=v+"e";} |
---|
2107 | if(s[i]==5){v=v+"f";} |
---|
2108 | if(s[i]==6){v=v+"g";} |
---|
2109 | if(s[i]==7){v=v+"h";} |
---|
2110 | if(s[i]==8){v=v+"i";} |
---|
2111 | if(s[i]==9){v=v+"j";} |
---|
2112 | if(s[i]==10){v=v+"k";} |
---|
2113 | if(s[i]==11){v=v+"l";} |
---|
2114 | if(s[i]==12){v=v+"m";} |
---|
2115 | if(s[i]==13){v=v+"n";} |
---|
2116 | if(s[i]==14){v=v+"o";} |
---|
2117 | if(s[i]==15){v=v+"p";} |
---|
2118 | if(s[i]==16){v=v+"q";} |
---|
2119 | if(s[i]==17){v=v+"r";} |
---|
2120 | if(s[i]==18){v=v+"s";} |
---|
2121 | if(s[i]==19){v=v+"t";} |
---|
2122 | if(s[i]==20){v=v+"u";} |
---|
2123 | if(s[i]==21){v=v+"v";} |
---|
2124 | if(s[i]==22){v=v+"w";} |
---|
2125 | if(s[i]==23){v=v+"x";} |
---|
2126 | if(s[i]==24){v=v+"y";} |
---|
2127 | if(s[i]==25){v=v+"z";} |
---|
2128 | if(s[i]==26){v=v+" ";} |
---|
2129 | } |
---|
2130 | return(v); |
---|
2131 | } |
---|
2132 | |
---|
2133 | proc code(string s) |
---|
2134 | "USAGE: code(s); s a string |
---|
2135 | ASSUME: s contains only small letters and space |
---|
2136 | COMPUTE: a bigint, RSA-coding of the string s |
---|
2137 | RETURN: return RSA-coding of the string s as string |
---|
2138 | EXAMPLE: code; shows an example |
---|
2139 | " |
---|
2140 | { |
---|
2141 | ring r=0,x,dp; |
---|
2142 | bigint |
---|
2143 | p=398075086424064937397125500550386491199064362342526708406385189575946388957261768583317; |
---|
2144 | bigint |
---|
2145 | q=472772146107435302536223071973048224632914695302097116459852171130520711256363590397527; |
---|
2146 | bigint n=p*q; |
---|
2147 | bigint phi=(p-1)*(q-1); |
---|
2148 | bigint e=1234567891; |
---|
2149 | //bigint d=extgcd(e,phi)[2]; |
---|
2150 | bigint m=wordToNumber(s); |
---|
2151 | bigint c=powerN(m,e,n); |
---|
2152 | string cc=string(c); |
---|
2153 | return(cc); |
---|
2154 | } |
---|
2155 | example |
---|
2156 | {"EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2157 | string s="i go to school"; |
---|
2158 | code(s); |
---|
2159 | } |
---|
2160 | |
---|
2161 | proc decodeString(string g) |
---|
2162 | "USAGE: decodeString(s); s a string |
---|
2163 | ASSUME: s is a string of a bigint, the output of code |
---|
2164 | COMPUTE: a string, RSA-decoding of the string s |
---|
2165 | RETURN: return RSA-decoding of the string s as string |
---|
2166 | EXAMPLE: decodeString; shows an example |
---|
2167 | " |
---|
2168 | { |
---|
2169 | bigint |
---|
2170 | p=398075086424064937397125500550386491199064362342526708406385189575946388957261768583317; |
---|
2171 | bigint |
---|
2172 | q=472772146107435302536223071973048224632914695302097116459852171130520711256363590397527; |
---|
2173 | bigint n=p*q; |
---|
2174 | bigint phi=(p-1)*(q-1); |
---|
2175 | bigint e=1234567891; |
---|
2176 | bigint d=extgcd(e,phi)[2]; |
---|
2177 | execute("bigint c="+g+";"); |
---|
2178 | bigint f=powerN(c,d,n); |
---|
2179 | string s=numberToWord(f); |
---|
2180 | return(s); |
---|
2181 | } |
---|
2182 | example |
---|
2183 | {"EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2184 | string |
---|
2185 | s="78638618599886548153321853785991541374544958648147340831959482696082179852616053583234149080198937632782579537867262780982185252913122030800897193851413140758915381848932565"; |
---|
2186 | string t=decodeString(s); |
---|
2187 | t; |
---|
2188 | } |
---|
2189 | /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
2190 | * set stuff |
---|
2191 | * -------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ |
---|
2192 | static proc set_multiply_list_content(list h) |
---|
2193 | "USAGE: set_multiply_list_content(h) |
---|
2194 | RETURN: An integer c als product of all elements in h |
---|
2195 | EXAMPLE: example set_multiply_list_content; shows an example; |
---|
2196 | " |
---|
2197 | { |
---|
2198 | int c = 1; |
---|
2199 | for (int i=1;i<=size(h);i++) |
---|
2200 | { |
---|
2201 | c = c*h[i]; |
---|
2202 | } |
---|
2203 | return(c); |
---|
2204 | } |
---|
2205 | example |
---|
2206 | { |
---|
2207 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2208 | list h=2,4,5; |
---|
2209 | set_multiply_list_content(h); |
---|
2210 | } |
---|
2211 | |
---|
2212 | static proc set_delete_certain_element(list a, int e) |
---|
2213 | "USAGE: set_delete_certain_element(a,e) |
---|
2214 | RETURN: A list a without element e. If e was not in the list before, a will not be changed |
---|
2215 | EXAMPLE: example set_delete_certain_element; shows an example. |
---|
2216 | " |
---|
2217 | { |
---|
2218 | list output_list = a; |
---|
2219 | for (int i=1;i<=size(a);i++) |
---|
2220 | { |
---|
2221 | if (a[i]==e) |
---|
2222 | { |
---|
2223 | output_list = delete(output_list,i); |
---|
2224 | } |
---|
2225 | } |
---|
2226 | return(output_list); |
---|
2227 | } |
---|
2228 | example |
---|
2229 | { |
---|
2230 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2231 | list h=2,4,5; |
---|
2232 | set_delete_certain_element(h,4); |
---|
2233 | set_delete_certain_element(h,10); |
---|
2234 | } |
---|
2235 | |
---|
2236 | static proc set_bubblesort_int(list output_list) |
---|
2237 | "USAGE: set_bubblesort_int(output_list) |
---|
2238 | RETURN: An ascending sorted list with integer values. |
---|
2239 | EXAMPLE: set_bubblesort_int; shows an example. |
---|
2240 | " |
---|
2241 | { |
---|
2242 | output_list = bubblesort(output_list); |
---|
2243 | //Cast every value into an integer |
---|
2244 | for (int i=1; i<=size(output_list);i++) |
---|
2245 | { |
---|
2246 | output_list[i] = int(output_list[i]); |
---|
2247 | } |
---|
2248 | return(output_list); |
---|
2249 | } |
---|
2250 | example |
---|
2251 | { |
---|
2252 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2253 | list output_list=10,4,5,24,9; |
---|
2254 | set_bubblesort_int(output_list); |
---|
2255 | } |
---|
2256 | |
---|
2257 | static proc set_is_set(list a) |
---|
2258 | "USAGE: set_is_set(a) |
---|
2259 | RETURN: 1 if the list is a set, 0 the list contains any duplicated elements |
---|
2260 | EXAMPLE: set_is_set; shows an example. |
---|
2261 | " |
---|
2262 | { |
---|
2263 | int i,v; |
---|
2264 | for (v=1; v<=size(a); v++) |
---|
2265 | { |
---|
2266 | for (i=v+1; i<=size(a); i++) |
---|
2267 | { |
---|
2268 | if (a[i]==a[v]) |
---|
2269 | { |
---|
2270 | return(0); |
---|
2271 | } |
---|
2272 | } |
---|
2273 | } |
---|
2274 | return(1); |
---|
2275 | } |
---|
2276 | example |
---|
2277 | { |
---|
2278 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2279 | list set = 1,5,10,2; |
---|
2280 | list noset = 1,5,10,2,5; |
---|
2281 | set_is_set(set); |
---|
2282 | set_is_set(noset); |
---|
2283 | } |
---|
2284 | |
---|
2285 | static proc set_contains(list a, int e) |
---|
2286 | "USAGE: set_contains(a,e) |
---|
2287 | RETURN: 1 if the list contains e, 0 otherwise |
---|
2288 | EXAMPLE: set_contains; shows an example. |
---|
2289 | " |
---|
2290 | { |
---|
2291 | for (int v=1; v<=size(a); v++) |
---|
2292 | { |
---|
2293 | if (a[v]==e) |
---|
2294 | { |
---|
2295 | return(1); |
---|
2296 | } |
---|
2297 | } |
---|
2298 | return(0); |
---|
2299 | } |
---|
2300 | example |
---|
2301 | { |
---|
2302 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2303 | list set = 1,5,10,2; |
---|
2304 | set_contains(set,5); |
---|
2305 | set_contains(set,40); |
---|
2306 | } |
---|
2307 | |
---|
2308 | static proc set_delete_duplicates(list a) |
---|
2309 | "USAGE: set_delete_duplicates(a) |
---|
2310 | RETURN: a list a without any duplicated elements |
---|
2311 | EXAMPLE: set_delete_duplicates; shows an example. |
---|
2312 | " |
---|
2313 | { |
---|
2314 | int i; |
---|
2315 | list output_list = a[1]; |
---|
2316 | for (i=1; i<=size(a); i++) |
---|
2317 | { |
---|
2318 | if (set_contains(output_list,a[i])==0) |
---|
2319 | { |
---|
2320 | output_list = insert(output_list,a[i]); |
---|
2321 | } |
---|
2322 | } |
---|
2323 | return(output_list); |
---|
2324 | } |
---|
2325 | example |
---|
2326 | { |
---|
2327 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2328 | list set = 1,5,10,2,10,5; |
---|
2329 | set_delete_duplicates(set); |
---|
2330 | } |
---|
2331 | |
---|
2332 | static proc set_equals(list a,list b) |
---|
2333 | "USAGE: set_equals(a, b) |
---|
2334 | RETURN: 1 if the lists are equal from a set-structure standpoint, 0 otherwise |
---|
2335 | EXAMPLE: set_equals; shows an example. |
---|
2336 | " |
---|
2337 | { |
---|
2338 | //Checks if the lists have the same length |
---|
2339 | if (size(a)!=size(b)) |
---|
2340 | { |
---|
2341 | return(0); |
---|
2342 | } |
---|
2343 | |
---|
2344 | //Sorts the lists |
---|
2345 | a = set_bubblesort_int(a); |
---|
2346 | b = set_bubblesort_int(b); |
---|
2347 | |
---|
2348 | //Checks every single element of both lists |
---|
2349 | for (int i=1; i<=size(a); i++) |
---|
2350 | { |
---|
2351 | if (a[i]!=b[i]) |
---|
2352 | { |
---|
2353 | return(0); |
---|
2354 | } |
---|
2355 | } |
---|
2356 | return(1); |
---|
2357 | } |
---|
2358 | example |
---|
2359 | { |
---|
2360 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2361 | list set1 = 1,5,10,2; |
---|
2362 | list set2 = 10,2,5,1; |
---|
2363 | list set3 = 1,5,9,2; |
---|
2364 | set_equals(set1,set2); |
---|
2365 | set_equals(set1,set3); |
---|
2366 | } |
---|
2367 | |
---|
2368 | static proc set_insert(list a, int e) |
---|
2369 | "USAGE: set_insert(a,e) |
---|
2370 | RETURN: list a containing element e |
---|
2371 | EXAMPLE: set_insert; shows an example. |
---|
2372 | " |
---|
2373 | { |
---|
2374 | if(set_contains(a,e)) |
---|
2375 | { |
---|
2376 | return(a); |
---|
2377 | } |
---|
2378 | else |
---|
2379 | { |
---|
2380 | a=insert(a,e); |
---|
2381 | return(a); |
---|
2382 | } |
---|
2383 | } |
---|
2384 | example |
---|
2385 | { |
---|
2386 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2387 | list set = 1,5,10,2; |
---|
2388 | set_insert(set,5); |
---|
2389 | set_insert(set,22); |
---|
2390 | } |
---|
2391 | |
---|
2392 | static proc set_union(list a, list b) |
---|
2393 | "USAGE: set_union(a, b) |
---|
2394 | RETURN: list a as union of a and b |
---|
2395 | EXAMPLE: set_union; shows an example. |
---|
2396 | " |
---|
2397 | { |
---|
2398 | for (int i=1; i<=size(b); i++) |
---|
2399 | { |
---|
2400 | if (set_contains(a,b[i])==0) |
---|
2401 | { |
---|
2402 | a = insert(a,b[i]); |
---|
2403 | } |
---|
2404 | } |
---|
2405 | return(a); |
---|
2406 | } |
---|
2407 | example |
---|
2408 | { |
---|
2409 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2410 | list set1 = 1,5,10,2; |
---|
2411 | list set2 = 5,10,93,58,29; |
---|
2412 | set_union(set1,set2); |
---|
2413 | } |
---|
2414 | |
---|
2415 | static proc set_section(list a, list b) |
---|
2416 | "USAGE: set_section(a, b) |
---|
2417 | RETURN: list output_list as intersection of a and b |
---|
2418 | EXAMPLE: set_section; shows an example. |
---|
2419 | " |
---|
2420 | { |
---|
2421 | list output_list; |
---|
2422 | for (int i=1; i<=size(a); i++) |
---|
2423 | { |
---|
2424 | if (set_contains(b,a[i])==1) |
---|
2425 | { |
---|
2426 | output_list = insert(output_list,a[i]); |
---|
2427 | } |
---|
2428 | } |
---|
2429 | return(output_list); |
---|
2430 | } |
---|
2431 | example |
---|
2432 | { |
---|
2433 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2434 | list set1 = 1,5,10,2; |
---|
2435 | list set2 = 5,10,93,58,29; |
---|
2436 | set_section(set1,set2); |
---|
2437 | } |
---|
2438 | |
---|
2439 | static proc set_list_delete_duplicates(list a) |
---|
2440 | "USAGE: set_list_delete_duplicates(a) |
---|
2441 | RETURN: list output_list with no duplicated lists |
---|
2442 | EXAMPLE: set_list_delete_duplicates; shows an example. |
---|
2443 | " |
---|
2444 | { |
---|
2445 | int v; |
---|
2446 | int i; |
---|
2447 | int counter; |
---|
2448 | int out_size; |
---|
2449 | list output_list=insert(output_list,a[1]); |
---|
2450 | //Create a new list and try to insert every list element from a into that list. If a list is already inserted into the |
---|
2451 | //new list, do nothing. |
---|
2452 | for (i=2; i<=size(a); i++) |
---|
2453 | { |
---|
2454 | out_size = size(output_list); |
---|
2455 | counter = 0; |
---|
2456 | |
---|
2457 | for (v=1; v<=out_size; v++) |
---|
2458 | { |
---|
2459 | if (set_equals(output_list[v],a[i])==1) |
---|
2460 | { |
---|
2461 | counter++; |
---|
2462 | } |
---|
2463 | } |
---|
2464 | if (counter==0) |
---|
2465 | { |
---|
2466 | output_list = insert(output_list,a[i]); |
---|
2467 | } |
---|
2468 | } |
---|
2469 | return(output_list); |
---|
2470 | } |
---|
2471 | example |
---|
2472 | { |
---|
2473 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2474 | list set1 = 1,5,10,2; |
---|
2475 | list set2 = 1,10,2,5; |
---|
2476 | list set3 = 1,2,3; |
---|
2477 | list superset = set1,set2,set3; |
---|
2478 | set_list_delete_duplicates(superset); |
---|
2479 | } |
---|
2480 | |
---|
2481 | static proc set_construct_increasing_set(int maxelement) |
---|
2482 | "USAGE: set_construct_increasing_set(maxelement) |
---|
2483 | RETURN: list output_list with increasing elements from 1 to maxelement |
---|
2484 | EXAMPLE: set_construct_increasing_set; shows an example. |
---|
2485 | " |
---|
2486 | { |
---|
2487 | list output_list; |
---|
2488 | for (int i=1; i<=maxelement; i++) |
---|
2489 | { |
---|
2490 | output_list = insert(output_list, i); |
---|
2491 | } |
---|
2492 | return(output_list); |
---|
2493 | } |
---|
2494 | example |
---|
2495 | { |
---|
2496 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2497 | set_construct_increasing_set(10); |
---|
2498 | } |
---|
2499 | |
---|
2500 | static proc set_addtoall(list a, int element) |
---|
2501 | "USAGE: set_addtoall(a,alement) |
---|
2502 | RETURN: Transformed list with e_i+element for every element e_i in list a |
---|
2503 | EXAMPLE: set_addtoall; shows an example. |
---|
2504 | " |
---|
2505 | { |
---|
2506 | list output_list; |
---|
2507 | int c; |
---|
2508 | for (int i=1; i<=size(a); i++) |
---|
2509 | { |
---|
2510 | c = a[i]+element; |
---|
2511 | output_list = insert(output_list,c); |
---|
2512 | } |
---|
2513 | return(set_turn(output_list)); |
---|
2514 | } |
---|
2515 | example |
---|
2516 | { |
---|
2517 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2518 | list set = 1,5,10,2; |
---|
2519 | set_addtoall(set,5); |
---|
2520 | } |
---|
2521 | |
---|
2522 | static proc set_turn(list a) |
---|
2523 | "USAGE: set_turn(a) |
---|
2524 | RETURN: Turned list a |
---|
2525 | EXAMPLE: set_turn; shows an example. |
---|
2526 | " |
---|
2527 | { |
---|
2528 | list output_list; |
---|
2529 | for (int i=1; i<=size(a); i++) |
---|
2530 | { |
---|
2531 | output_list[size(a)+1-i] = a[i]; |
---|
2532 | } |
---|
2533 | return(output_list); |
---|
2534 | } |
---|
2535 | example |
---|
2536 | { |
---|
2537 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2538 | list set = 1,5,10; |
---|
2539 | set_turn(set); |
---|
2540 | } |
---|
2541 | |
---|
2542 | static proc set_subset_set(list a) |
---|
2543 | "USAGE: set_subset_set(a) |
---|
2544 | RETURN: Set of subsets |
---|
2545 | EXAMPLE: set_subset_set; shows an example. |
---|
2546 | " |
---|
2547 | { |
---|
2548 | int v; |
---|
2549 | int choice; |
---|
2550 | list output_list; |
---|
2551 | list start = a[1]; |
---|
2552 | list insertion_list; |
---|
2553 | int output_length; |
---|
2554 | output_list = insert(output_list,start); |
---|
2555 | |
---|
2556 | for (int i=2; i<=size(a); i++) |
---|
2557 | { |
---|
2558 | choice = 0; |
---|
2559 | start = a[i]; |
---|
2560 | output_list = insert(output_list,start); |
---|
2561 | output_length = size(output_list); |
---|
2562 | for (v=2; v<=output_length; v++) |
---|
2563 | { |
---|
2564 | insertion_list = set_insert(output_list[v],a[i]); |
---|
2565 | output_list = insert(output_list, insertion_list,size(output_list)); |
---|
2566 | } |
---|
2567 | } |
---|
2568 | return(output_list); |
---|
2569 | } |
---|
2570 | example |
---|
2571 | { |
---|
2572 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2573 | list set = 1,5,10; |
---|
2574 | set_subset_set(set); |
---|
2575 | } |
---|
2576 | /* ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
2577 | * knapsack_utilities: Utility functions needed for knapsack |
---|
2578 | * -----------------------------------------------------------------*/ |
---|
2579 | proc calculate_ordering(bigint num1, bigint primitive, bigint mod1) |
---|
2580 | "USAGE: calculate_ordering(num1, primitive, mod1) |
---|
2581 | RETURN: x so that primitive^x == num1 mod mod1 |
---|
2582 | EXAMPLE: example calculate_ordering; shows an example; |
---|
2583 | " |
---|
2584 | { |
---|
2585 | for (int i=1;i<=int((mod1-2));i++) |
---|
2586 | { |
---|
2587 | if ((primitive^i%mod1)==num1) |
---|
2588 | { |
---|
2589 | return(i); |
---|
2590 | } |
---|
2591 | } |
---|
2592 | return(0); |
---|
2593 | } |
---|
2594 | example |
---|
2595 | { |
---|
2596 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2597 | bigint mod1 = 33; |
---|
2598 | bigint primitive = 14; |
---|
2599 | bigint num1 = 5; |
---|
2600 | calculate_ordering(num1,primitive,mod1); |
---|
2601 | } |
---|
2602 | |
---|
2603 | proc is_primitive_root(bigint primitive, bigint mod1) |
---|
2604 | "USAGE: is_primitive_root(primitive, mod1) |
---|
2605 | RETURN: 1 if primitive is a primitive root modulo mod1, 0 otherwise |
---|
2606 | EXAMPLE: example is_primitive_root; shows an example; |
---|
2607 | " |
---|
2608 | { |
---|
2609 | list output_list; |
---|
2610 | for (int i=1;i<=int((mod1-1));i++) |
---|
2611 | { |
---|
2612 | output_list = set_insert(output_list,int((primitive^i%mod1))); |
---|
2613 | } |
---|
2614 | if (bigint(size(output_list))==bigint(mod1-1)) |
---|
2615 | { |
---|
2616 | return(1); |
---|
2617 | } |
---|
2618 | else |
---|
2619 | { |
---|
2620 | return(0); |
---|
2621 | } |
---|
2622 | } |
---|
2623 | example |
---|
2624 | { |
---|
2625 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2626 | is_primitive_root(3,7); |
---|
2627 | is_primitive_root(2,7); |
---|
2628 | } |
---|
2629 | |
---|
2630 | proc find_first_primitive_root(bigint mod1) |
---|
2631 | "USAGE: find_first_primitive_root(mod1) |
---|
2632 | RETURN: First primitive root modulo mod1, 0 if no root can be found. |
---|
2633 | EXAMPLE: example find_first_primitive_root; shows an example; |
---|
2634 | " |
---|
2635 | { |
---|
2636 | for (int i=0;i<=int(mod1-1);i++) |
---|
2637 | { |
---|
2638 | if (is_primitive_root(bigint(i),mod1)==1) |
---|
2639 | { |
---|
2640 | return(i); |
---|
2641 | } |
---|
2642 | } |
---|
2643 | return(0); |
---|
2644 | } |
---|
2645 | example |
---|
2646 | { |
---|
2647 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2648 | ring r = 0,x,lp; |
---|
2649 | find_first_primitive_root(7); |
---|
2650 | find_first_primitive_root(557); |
---|
2651 | } |
---|
2652 | |
---|
2653 | proc binary_add(list binary_list) |
---|
2654 | "USAGE: binary_add(binary_list) |
---|
2655 | RETURN: binary encoded list, increased by 1 |
---|
2656 | EXAMPLE: example binary_add; shows an example; |
---|
2657 | " |
---|
2658 | { |
---|
2659 | int residual=1; |
---|
2660 | int position = size(binary_list); |
---|
2661 | while((residual==1)&&(position!=0)) |
---|
2662 | { |
---|
2663 | if(binary_list[position]==0) |
---|
2664 | { |
---|
2665 | binary_list[position]=1; |
---|
2666 | residual=0; |
---|
2667 | } |
---|
2668 | else |
---|
2669 | { |
---|
2670 | binary_list[position]=0; |
---|
2671 | position--; |
---|
2672 | } |
---|
2673 | } |
---|
2674 | if (position==0) |
---|
2675 | { |
---|
2676 | binary_list = insert(binary_list,1); |
---|
2677 | } |
---|
2678 | return(binary_list); |
---|
2679 | } |
---|
2680 | example |
---|
2681 | { |
---|
2682 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2683 | ring r = 0,x,lp; |
---|
2684 | list binary_list = 1,0,1,1,1; |
---|
2685 | binary_add(binary_list); |
---|
2686 | } |
---|
2687 | |
---|
2688 | proc inverse_modulus(int num, int mod1) |
---|
2689 | "USAGE: inverse_modulus(num, mod1) |
---|
2690 | RETURN: inverse element of num modulo mod1 |
---|
2691 | EXAMPLE: example inverse_modulus; shows an example; |
---|
2692 | " |
---|
2693 | { |
---|
2694 | if (num>=mod1) |
---|
2695 | { |
---|
2696 | return(0); |
---|
2697 | } |
---|
2698 | else |
---|
2699 | { |
---|
2700 | for (int i=1;i<mod1;i++) |
---|
2701 | { |
---|
2702 | if ((i*num%mod1)==1) |
---|
2703 | { |
---|
2704 | return(i); |
---|
2705 | } |
---|
2706 | } |
---|
2707 | } |
---|
2708 | } |
---|
2709 | example |
---|
2710 | { |
---|
2711 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2712 | ring r = 0,x,lp; |
---|
2713 | int mod1 = 13; |
---|
2714 | int num = 5; |
---|
2715 | inverse_modulus(num,mod1); |
---|
2716 | } |
---|
2717 | |
---|
2718 | proc is_prime(int n) |
---|
2719 | "USAGE: is_prime(n) |
---|
2720 | RETURN: 1 if n is prime, 0 otherwise |
---|
2721 | EXAMPLE: example is_prime; shows an example; |
---|
2722 | " |
---|
2723 | { |
---|
2724 | int prime1 = 1; |
---|
2725 | for (int i=n-1;i>1;i--) |
---|
2726 | { |
---|
2727 | if(n%i==0) |
---|
2728 | { |
---|
2729 | prime1 = 0; |
---|
2730 | } |
---|
2731 | } |
---|
2732 | return(prime1); |
---|
2733 | } |
---|
2734 | example |
---|
2735 | { |
---|
2736 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2737 | ring r = 0,x,lp; |
---|
2738 | is_prime(10); |
---|
2739 | is_prime(7); |
---|
2740 | } |
---|
2741 | |
---|
2742 | proc find_biggest_index(list a) |
---|
2743 | "USAGE: find_biggest_index( a) |
---|
2744 | RETURN: Returns the index of the biggest element of a |
---|
2745 | EXAMPLE: example find_biggest_index; shows an example; |
---|
2746 | " |
---|
2747 | { |
---|
2748 | list sortedlist = bubblesort(a); |
---|
2749 | return(find_index(a,sortedlist[1])); |
---|
2750 | } |
---|
2751 | |
---|
2752 | proc find_index(list a, bigint e) |
---|
2753 | "USAGE: find_index(a, e) |
---|
2754 | RETURN: Returns the list index of element e in list a. Returns 0 if e is not in a |
---|
2755 | EXAMPLE: example find_index; shows an example; |
---|
2756 | " |
---|
2757 | { |
---|
2758 | for(int i=1;i<=size(a);i++) |
---|
2759 | { |
---|
2760 | if (bigint(a[i])==e) |
---|
2761 | { |
---|
2762 | return(i); |
---|
2763 | } |
---|
2764 | } |
---|
2765 | return(0); |
---|
2766 | } |
---|
2767 | example |
---|
2768 | { |
---|
2769 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2770 | list a = 1,5,20,6,37; |
---|
2771 | find_index(a,20); |
---|
2772 | find_index(a,6); |
---|
2773 | find_index(a,100); |
---|
2774 | } |
---|
2775 | /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
---|
2776 | * Knapsack Algorithmus such as solving several knapsack problems, |
---|
2777 | * kryptographic algorithms and algorithms for creatings suitable knapsacks |
---|
2778 | * ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ |
---|
2779 | proc subset_sum01(list knapsack, int solution) |
---|
2780 | "USAGE: subset_sum01(knapsack,solution) |
---|
2781 | RETURN: binary list of the positions of the elements included in the subset sum or 0 if no solution exists |
---|
2782 | NOTE: This will return the first solution of the ssk-problem, given be the smallest binary encoding. It wont return several solutions if they exist |
---|
2783 | EXAMPLE: example subset_sum01; shows an example; |
---|
2784 | " |
---|
2785 | { |
---|
2786 | int i; |
---|
2787 | int v; |
---|
2788 | int comparable; |
---|
2789 | //Check if the knapsack is a set |
---|
2790 | if (set_is_set(knapsack)==1) |
---|
2791 | { |
---|
2792 | //Create a binary list full of zeroes |
---|
2793 | list binary_list; |
---|
2794 | for (i=1;i<=size(knapsack);i++) |
---|
2795 | { |
---|
2796 | binary_list = insert(binary_list,0); |
---|
2797 | } |
---|
2798 | binary_list = binary_add(binary_list); |
---|
2799 | |
---|
2800 | for(i=1;i<=2^(size(knapsack));i++) |
---|
2801 | { |
---|
2802 | comparable = 0; |
---|
2803 | //Create the Subset-Sum for the actual binary coding of binary_list |
---|
2804 | for (v=1;v<=size(knapsack);v++) |
---|
2805 | { |
---|
2806 | comparable = comparable+knapsack[v]*binary_list[v]; |
---|
2807 | } |
---|
2808 | //Check if the sum equals the solution |
---|
2809 | if (comparable==solution) |
---|
2810 | { |
---|
2811 | return(binary_list); |
---|
2812 | } |
---|
2813 | else |
---|
2814 | { |
---|
2815 | binary_list = binary_add(binary_list); |
---|
2816 | } |
---|
2817 | } |
---|
2818 | return(0); |
---|
2819 | } |
---|
2820 | else |
---|
2821 | { |
---|
2822 | return(0); |
---|
2823 | } |
---|
2824 | } |
---|
2825 | example |
---|
2826 | { |
---|
2827 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2828 | list h=1,4,7,32; |
---|
2829 | subset_sum01(h,20); |
---|
2830 | subset_sum01(h,11); |
---|
2831 | subset_sum01(h,33); |
---|
2832 | } |
---|
2833 | |
---|
2834 | proc subset_sum02(list knapsack, int sol) |
---|
2835 | "USAGE: subset_sum02(knapsack,sol) |
---|
2836 | RETURN: binary list of the positions of the elements included in the subset sum or 0 if no solution exists |
---|
2837 | EXAMPLE: example subset_sum02; shows an example; |
---|
2838 | " |
---|
2839 | { |
---|
2840 | list summands; |
---|
2841 | int calcu; |
---|
2842 | int i; |
---|
2843 | //Create a sorted copy of the knapsack, calling it worksack |
---|
2844 | list worksack = set_bubblesort_int(knapsack); |
---|
2845 | int counter = 1; |
---|
2846 | while((counter<=size(worksack))&&(sol>0)) |
---|
2847 | { |
---|
2848 | //Try to subtract an element of the knapsack from the capacity. Create a list with all the summands used |
---|
2849 | calcu = sol-worksack[counter]; |
---|
2850 | if (calcu>=0) |
---|
2851 | { |
---|
2852 | sol = sol-worksack[counter]; |
---|
2853 | summands = insert(summands,int(worksack[counter])); |
---|
2854 | } |
---|
2855 | counter++; |
---|
2856 | } |
---|
2857 | if(sol>0) |
---|
2858 | { |
---|
2859 | return(0); |
---|
2860 | } |
---|
2861 | |
---|
2862 | //Get the index of the summands of the original knapsack and change the bits in the binary list which will be the solution |
---|
2863 | list binary_list; |
---|
2864 | for (i=1;i<=size(knapsack);i++) |
---|
2865 | { |
---|
2866 | binary_list = insert(binary_list,0); |
---|
2867 | } |
---|
2868 | |
---|
2869 | for (i=1; i<=size(knapsack);i++) |
---|
2870 | { |
---|
2871 | if (set_contains(summands,knapsack[i])==1) |
---|
2872 | { |
---|
2873 | binary_list[i]=1; |
---|
2874 | } |
---|
2875 | } |
---|
2876 | return(binary_list); |
---|
2877 | } |
---|
2878 | example |
---|
2879 | { |
---|
2880 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2881 | list h=1,4,7,32; |
---|
2882 | subset_sum02(h,20); |
---|
2883 | subset_sum02(h,11); |
---|
2884 | subset_sum02(h,33); |
---|
2885 | } |
---|
2886 | |
---|
2887 | proc unbounded_knapsack(list knapsack, list profit, int capacity) |
---|
2888 | "USAGE: unbounded_knapsack(knapsack,profit,capacity) |
---|
2889 | RETURN: list of maximum profit of each iteration. For example, output_list[2] contains the maximum profit that can be achieved if the knapsack has capacity 2. |
---|
2890 | EXAMPLE: unbounded_knapsack; shows an example; |
---|
2891 | " |
---|
2892 | { |
---|
2893 | int i; |
---|
2894 | int v; |
---|
2895 | list output_list; |
---|
2896 | for (i=1;i<=capacity+1;i++) |
---|
2897 | { |
---|
2898 | output_list = insert(output_list,0); |
---|
2899 | } |
---|
2900 | for (i=1;i<=capacity+1;i++) |
---|
2901 | { |
---|
2902 | for(v=1;v<=size(knapsack);v++) |
---|
2903 | { |
---|
2904 | if (knapsack[v]<i) |
---|
2905 | { |
---|
2906 | if(output_list[i]<(output_list[i-knapsack[v]]+profit[v])) |
---|
2907 | { |
---|
2908 | output_list[i] = output_list[i-knapsack[v]]+profit[v]; |
---|
2909 | } |
---|
2910 | } |
---|
2911 | } |
---|
2912 | } |
---|
2913 | return(output_list); |
---|
2914 | } |
---|
2915 | example |
---|
2916 | { |
---|
2917 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
2918 | list h=1,4,7,32; |
---|
2919 | list knapsack = 5,2; |
---|
2920 | list profit = 10,3; |
---|
2921 | int capacity = 5; |
---|
2922 | unbounded_knapsack(knapsack,profit,capacity); |
---|
2923 | } |
---|
2924 | |
---|
2925 | proc multidimensional_knapsack(matrix m, list capacities, list profits) |
---|
2926 | "USAGE: multidimensional_knapsack(m,capacities,profits) |
---|
2927 | RETURN: binary list of the positions of the elements included in the optimal selection |
---|
2928 | EXAMPLE: example multidimensional_knapsack; shows an example; |
---|
2929 | " |
---|
2930 | { |
---|
2931 | int index; |
---|
2932 | list output_list; |
---|
2933 | list nolist; |
---|
2934 | list y_list; |
---|
2935 | list minmax_list; |
---|
2936 | int i; |
---|
2937 | int v; |
---|
2938 | int checkint; |
---|
2939 | //create the output_list full of zeroes with the length of all given selections |
---|
2940 | for (i=1;i<=size(profits);i++) |
---|
2941 | { |
---|
2942 | output_list = insert(output_list,0); |
---|
2943 | } |
---|
2944 | |
---|
2945 | //Create the List E with all indices of the output_list that haven't been used yet. |
---|
2946 | list E = set_turn(set_construct_increasing_set(size(profits))); |
---|
2947 | |
---|
2948 | //Repeat till every index in E is used. |
---|
2949 | while(size(E)>0) |
---|
2950 | { |
---|
2951 | y_list = nolist; |
---|
2952 | for (i=1;i<=size(E);i++) |
---|
2953 | { |
---|
2954 | //Create all possible elements of y_i (y_list). minimax_list will be replaced of an empty list in each iteration |
---|
2955 | minmax_list = nolist; |
---|
2956 | for (v=1; v<=size(capacities);v++) |
---|
2957 | { |
---|
2958 | if (set_contains(E,v)==1) |
---|
2959 | { |
---|
2960 | minmax_list = insert(minmax_list, bigint(capacities[v])/bigint(m[v,E[i]])); |
---|
2961 | } |
---|
2962 | } |
---|
2963 | //Sort the elements so that it is easy to pick the smallest one |
---|
2964 | minmax_list = bubblesort(minmax_list); |
---|
2965 | |
---|
2966 | //insert Element y_i into y_list, which is the smallest of (b_i/w_ij) like in the PECH algorithm description. |
---|
2967 | y_list = insert(y_list,minmax_list[size(minmax_list)],size(y_list)); |
---|
2968 | |
---|
2969 | |
---|
2970 | } |
---|
2971 | |
---|
2972 | //Check if all y_i in y_list are smaller than 1. If so, every additional selection will exceed the capacity and the algorithm stops. |
---|
2973 | checkint=0; |
---|
2974 | for(i=1;i<=size(y_list);i++) |
---|
2975 | { |
---|
2976 | if (y_list[i]>=1) |
---|
2977 | { |
---|
2978 | checkint=1; |
---|
2979 | } |
---|
2980 | } |
---|
2981 | if (checkint==0) |
---|
2982 | { |
---|
2983 | return(output_list); |
---|
2984 | } |
---|
2985 | |
---|
2986 | |
---|
2987 | //Find the index of the selection and update the binary output_list |
---|
2988 | minmax_list = nolist; |
---|
2989 | for (i=1;i<=size(E);i++) |
---|
2990 | { |
---|
2991 | minmax_list = insert(minmax_list, profits[E[i]]*y_list[i],size(minmax_list)); |
---|
2992 | } |
---|
2993 | index = find_biggest_index(minmax_list); |
---|
2994 | |
---|
2995 | output_list[E[index]]=1; |
---|
2996 | |
---|
2997 | //Update the capacities by subtracting the weights of the selection |
---|
2998 | for (i=1;i<=size(capacities);i++) |
---|
2999 | { |
---|
3000 | capacities[i] = capacities[i]- m[i,E[index]]; |
---|
3001 | } |
---|
3002 | E = set_delete_certain_element(E,index); |
---|
3003 | |
---|
3004 | } |
---|
3005 | return(output_list); |
---|
3006 | } |
---|
3007 | example |
---|
3008 | { |
---|
3009 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3010 | ring r = 0,x,lp; |
---|
3011 | matrix m[3][3] = 1,4,10,7,8,3,1,9,7; |
---|
3012 | list c = 12,17,10; |
---|
3013 | list p = 3,2,5; |
---|
3014 | multidimensional_knapsack(m,c,p); |
---|
3015 | } |
---|
3016 | |
---|
3017 | proc naccache_stern_generation(int key, int primenum) |
---|
3018 | "USAGE: naccache_stern_generation(key, primenum) |
---|
3019 | RETURN: a hard knapsack list |
---|
3020 | EXAMPLE: example naccache_stern_generation; shows an example; |
---|
3021 | " |
---|
3022 | { |
---|
3023 | //Check if primenum is a prime and the gcd-Condition holds |
---|
3024 | if ((is_prime(primenum)==0)||(gcd(key,(primenum-1))!=1)) |
---|
3025 | { |
---|
3026 | return(0); |
---|
3027 | } |
---|
3028 | else |
---|
3029 | { |
---|
3030 | int i; |
---|
3031 | int p; |
---|
3032 | list primelist; |
---|
3033 | int primecounter=2; |
---|
3034 | //Generate the knapsack containing the smallest prime numbers so that primenum exceeds the product of all of them |
---|
3035 | while(set_multiply_list_content(primelist)<primenum) |
---|
3036 | { |
---|
3037 | if (is_prime(primecounter)==1) |
---|
3038 | { |
---|
3039 | primelist = insert(primelist,primecounter); |
---|
3040 | } |
---|
3041 | primecounter++; |
---|
3042 | } |
---|
3043 | primelist = delete(primelist,1); |
---|
3044 | |
---|
3045 | |
---|
3046 | //Generate the hard knapsack of the length of the prime numbers containing zeroes. |
---|
3047 | list hardknapsack; |
---|
3048 | for (i=1;i<=size(primelist);i++) |
---|
3049 | { |
---|
3050 | hardknapsack = insert(hardknapsack,0); |
---|
3051 | } |
---|
3052 | |
---|
3053 | //Create the elements of the hard knapsack |
---|
3054 | primecounter = 1; |
---|
3055 | bigint calcu; |
---|
3056 | i=0; |
---|
3057 | while (i<size(primelist)) |
---|
3058 | { |
---|
3059 | //Create some v_i^key%primenum and store it in calcu |
---|
3060 | calcu = bigint(primecounter)^key%bigint(primenum); |
---|
3061 | |
---|
3062 | //If calcu is one of the prime numbers in the knapsack, find the index and insert v_i in the hard knapsack at that given index |
---|
3063 | if(set_contains(primelist,int(calcu))==1) |
---|
3064 | { |
---|
3065 | p=find_index(primelist,int(calcu)); |
---|
3066 | hardknapsack[p] = primecounter; |
---|
3067 | i++; |
---|
3068 | } |
---|
3069 | primecounter++; |
---|
3070 | } |
---|
3071 | return(hardknapsack); |
---|
3072 | } |
---|
3073 | } |
---|
3074 | example |
---|
3075 | { |
---|
3076 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3077 | naccache_stern_generation(5,292); |
---|
3078 | naccache_stern_generation(5,293); |
---|
3079 | } |
---|
3080 | |
---|
3081 | proc naccache_stern_encryption(list knapsack, list message, int primenum) |
---|
3082 | "USAGE: naccache_stern_encryption(knapsack, message, primenum) |
---|
3083 | RETURN: an encrypted message as integer |
---|
3084 | EXAMPLE: example naccache_stern_encryption; shows an example; |
---|
3085 | " |
---|
3086 | { |
---|
3087 | bigint solution = 1; |
---|
3088 | if (size(knapsack)==size(message)) |
---|
3089 | { |
---|
3090 | for(int i=1;i<=size(knapsack);i++) |
---|
3091 | { |
---|
3092 | solution = solution*((bigint(knapsack[i])^message[i])%bigint(primenum)); |
---|
3093 | } |
---|
3094 | return(solution); |
---|
3095 | } |
---|
3096 | else |
---|
3097 | { |
---|
3098 | return(0); |
---|
3099 | } |
---|
3100 | |
---|
3101 | } |
---|
3102 | example |
---|
3103 | { |
---|
3104 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3105 | //Please note that the values for primenum and hardknapsack have been obtained from the example of naccache_stern_generation! |
---|
3106 | list hardknapsack = 85,164,117,44; |
---|
3107 | int primenum = 293; |
---|
3108 | list message = 1,0,1,0; |
---|
3109 | naccache_stern_encryption(hardknapsack,message,primenum); |
---|
3110 | } |
---|
3111 | |
---|
3112 | proc naccache_stern_decryption(list knapsack, int key, int primenum, int message) |
---|
3113 | "USAGE: naccache_stern_decryption(knapsack, key, primenum, message) |
---|
3114 | RETURN: decrypted binary list |
---|
3115 | EXAMPLE: example naccache_stern_decryption; shows an example; |
---|
3116 | " |
---|
3117 | { |
---|
3118 | //create a binary list with the length of the knapsack containing zeros |
---|
3119 | int k = int(bigint(message)^key%bigint(primenum)); |
---|
3120 | int i; |
---|
3121 | list binary_list; |
---|
3122 | for (i=1;i<=size(knapsack);i++) |
---|
3123 | { |
---|
3124 | binary_list = insert(binary_list,0); |
---|
3125 | } |
---|
3126 | |
---|
3127 | //create primelist like in int naccache_stern_generation process |
---|
3128 | list primelist; |
---|
3129 | int primecounter=2; |
---|
3130 | while(size(primelist)<size(knapsack)) |
---|
3131 | { |
---|
3132 | if (is_prime(primecounter)==1) |
---|
3133 | { |
---|
3134 | primelist = insert(primelist,primecounter); |
---|
3135 | } |
---|
3136 | primecounter++; |
---|
3137 | } |
---|
3138 | |
---|
3139 | //find divisors of k and update the binarylist in a way that the positions of the divisors in primelist are marked |
---|
3140 | for (i=1;i<=size(primelist);i++) |
---|
3141 | { |
---|
3142 | if(k%primelist[i]==0) |
---|
3143 | { |
---|
3144 | binary_list[i]=1; |
---|
3145 | } |
---|
3146 | } |
---|
3147 | return(binary_list); |
---|
3148 | |
---|
3149 | } |
---|
3150 | example |
---|
3151 | { |
---|
3152 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3153 | //Please note that the values have been obtained from the example of naccache_stern_generation and naccache_stern_encryption! |
---|
3154 | int primenum = 293; |
---|
3155 | int message = 9945; |
---|
3156 | int key = 5; |
---|
3157 | list hardknapsack = 85,164,117,44; |
---|
3158 | naccache_stern_decryption(hardknapsack,key,primenum,message); |
---|
3159 | } |
---|
3160 | |
---|
3161 | proc m_merkle_hellman_transformation(list knapsack, int primitive, int mod1) |
---|
3162 | "USAGE: m_merkle_hellman_transformation(knapsack, primitive, mod1) |
---|
3163 | RETURN: list containing a hard knapsack |
---|
3164 | EXAMPLE: example m_merkle_hellman_transformation; shows an example; |
---|
3165 | " |
---|
3166 | { |
---|
3167 | bigint new_element; |
---|
3168 | list output_list; |
---|
3169 | //calculate the primitiv root of every element in knapsack and insert it into a new knapsack |
---|
3170 | for (int i=size(knapsack);i>=1;i--) |
---|
3171 | { |
---|
3172 | new_element = calculate_ordering(knapsack[i],primitive,mod1); |
---|
3173 | output_list = insert(output_list,int(new_element)); |
---|
3174 | } |
---|
3175 | return(output_list); |
---|
3176 | } |
---|
3177 | example |
---|
3178 | { |
---|
3179 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3180 | //Please note that the values for primenum and hardknapsack have been obtained from the example of naccache_stern_generation and naccache_stern_encryption! |
---|
3181 | list knapsack = 2,3,5,7; |
---|
3182 | int mod1 = 211; |
---|
3183 | int primitive = 2; |
---|
3184 | m_merkle_hellman_transformation(knapsack,primitive,mod1); |
---|
3185 | } |
---|
3186 | |
---|
3187 | proc m_merkle_hellman_encryption(list knapsack, list message) |
---|
3188 | "USAGE: m_merkle_hellman_encryption(knapsack, message) |
---|
3189 | RETURN: an encrypted message as integer |
---|
3190 | NOTE: This works in the same way as merkle_hellman_encryption. The additional function is created to keep consistency with the needed functions for every kryptosystem. |
---|
3191 | EXAMPLE: example m_merkle_hellman_encryption; shows an example; |
---|
3192 | " |
---|
3193 | { |
---|
3194 | return(merkle_hellman_encryption(knapsack,message)); |
---|
3195 | } |
---|
3196 | example |
---|
3197 | { |
---|
3198 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3199 | //Please note that the values for primenum and hardknapsack have been obtained from the example of m_merkle_hellman_transformation! |
---|
3200 | list knapsack = 1,43,132,139; |
---|
3201 | list message = 1,0,0,1; |
---|
3202 | m_merkle_hellman_encryption(knapsack,message); |
---|
3203 | } |
---|
3204 | |
---|
3205 | proc m_merkle_hellman_decryption(list knapsack, bigint primitive, bigint mod1, int message) |
---|
3206 | "USAGE: m_merkle_hellman_decryption(knapsack, primitive, mod1, message) |
---|
3207 | RETURN: decrypted binary list |
---|
3208 | EXAMPLE: example merkle_hellman_decryption; shows an example; |
---|
3209 | " |
---|
3210 | { |
---|
3211 | //Convert message |
---|
3212 | int factorizing = int((primitive^message)%mod1); |
---|
3213 | int i; |
---|
3214 | |
---|
3215 | //Create binary list of length of the knapsack, containing zeroes. |
---|
3216 | list binary_list; |
---|
3217 | for (i=1;i<=size(knapsack);i++) |
---|
3218 | { |
---|
3219 | binary_list = insert(binary_list,0); |
---|
3220 | } |
---|
3221 | |
---|
3222 | //factorize the converted message, mark the factor positions in knapsack as bits in binary_list |
---|
3223 | for (i=1;i<=size(knapsack);i++) |
---|
3224 | { |
---|
3225 | if(factorizing%knapsack[i]==0) |
---|
3226 | { |
---|
3227 | binary_list[i]=1; |
---|
3228 | } |
---|
3229 | } |
---|
3230 | return(binary_list); |
---|
3231 | } |
---|
3232 | example |
---|
3233 | { |
---|
3234 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3235 | //Please note that the values have been obtained from the example of m_merkle_hellman_encryption and m_merkle_hellman_transformation! |
---|
3236 | list knapsack = 2,3,5,7; |
---|
3237 | int message = 140; |
---|
3238 | bigint primitive = 2; |
---|
3239 | bigint mod1 = 211; |
---|
3240 | m_merkle_hellman_decryption(knapsack,primitive,mod1,message); |
---|
3241 | } |
---|
3242 | |
---|
3243 | proc merkle_hellman_transformation(list knapsack, int key, int mod1) |
---|
3244 | "USAGE: merkle_hellman_transformation(knapsack, key, mod1) |
---|
3245 | RETURN: hard knapsack |
---|
3246 | EXAMPLE: example merkle_hellman_transformation; shows an example; |
---|
3247 | " |
---|
3248 | { |
---|
3249 | list output_list; |
---|
3250 | int new_element; |
---|
3251 | //transform every element in the knapsack with normal strong modular multiplication |
---|
3252 | for (int i=size(knapsack);i>=1;i--) |
---|
3253 | { |
---|
3254 | new_element=knapsack[i]*key%mod1; |
---|
3255 | output_list = insert(output_list,new_element); |
---|
3256 | } |
---|
3257 | return(output_list); |
---|
3258 | } |
---|
3259 | example |
---|
3260 | { |
---|
3261 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3262 | list knapsack = 1,3,5,12; |
---|
3263 | int key = 3; |
---|
3264 | int mod1 = 23; |
---|
3265 | merkle_hellman_transformation(knapsack,key,mod1); |
---|
3266 | } |
---|
3267 | |
---|
3268 | proc merkle_hellman_encryption(list knapsack, list message) |
---|
3269 | "USAGE: merkle_hellman_encryption(knapsack, message) |
---|
3270 | RETURN: encrypted integer |
---|
3271 | EXAMPLE: example merkle_hellman_encryption; shows an example; |
---|
3272 | " |
---|
3273 | { |
---|
3274 | int solution = 0; |
---|
3275 | if (size(knapsack)!=size(message)||(set_is_set(knapsack)==0)) |
---|
3276 | { |
---|
3277 | return(0); |
---|
3278 | } |
---|
3279 | else |
---|
3280 | { |
---|
3281 | for (int i=1;i<=size(knapsack);i++) |
---|
3282 | { |
---|
3283 | solution = solution+knapsack[i]*message[i]; |
---|
3284 | } |
---|
3285 | return(solution); |
---|
3286 | } |
---|
3287 | } |
---|
3288 | example |
---|
3289 | { |
---|
3290 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3291 | //Please note that the values have been obtained from the example of merkle_hellman_transformation! |
---|
3292 | list hardknapsack =3,9,15,13; |
---|
3293 | list message = 0,1,0,1; |
---|
3294 | merkle_hellman_encryption(hardknapsack,message); |
---|
3295 | } |
---|
3296 | |
---|
3297 | proc merkle_hellman_decryption(list knapsack, int key, int mod1, int message) |
---|
3298 | "USAGE: merkle_hellman_decryption(knapsack, key, mod1, message) |
---|
3299 | RETURN: decrypted binary list |
---|
3300 | EXAMPLE: example merkle_hellman_decryption; shows an example; |
---|
3301 | " |
---|
3302 | { |
---|
3303 | int new_element; |
---|
3304 | int t = inverse_modulus(key,mod1); |
---|
3305 | int transformed_message; |
---|
3306 | list binary_list; |
---|
3307 | if ((set_is_set(knapsack)==1)&&(key<mod1)) |
---|
3308 | { |
---|
3309 | //reconstruct easy knapsack be multiplying with the inverse modulus t |
---|
3310 | list easy_knapsack; |
---|
3311 | for (int i=size(knapsack);i>=1;i--) |
---|
3312 | { |
---|
3313 | new_element=knapsack[i]*t%mod1; |
---|
3314 | easy_knapsack = insert(easy_knapsack,new_element); |
---|
3315 | } |
---|
3316 | |
---|
3317 | //solve the easy knapsack problem with subset_sum01 or subset_sum02 |
---|
3318 | transformed_message = (message*t)%mod1; |
---|
3319 | transformed_message; |
---|
3320 | binary_list = subset_sum01(easy_knapsack,transformed_message); |
---|
3321 | return(binary_list) |
---|
3322 | } |
---|
3323 | else |
---|
3324 | { |
---|
3325 | return(0) |
---|
3326 | } |
---|
3327 | } |
---|
3328 | example |
---|
3329 | { |
---|
3330 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3331 | //Please note that the values have been obtained from the example of merkle_hellman_decryption and merkle_hellman_transformation! |
---|
3332 | list hardknapsack =3,9,15,13; |
---|
3333 | int key = 3; |
---|
3334 | int message = 22; |
---|
3335 | int mod1 = 23; |
---|
3336 | merkle_hellman_decryption(hardknapsack, key, mod1, message); |
---|
3337 | } |
---|
3338 | |
---|
3339 | proc super_increasing_knapsack(int ksize) |
---|
3340 | "USAGE: super_increasing_knapsack(ksize) |
---|
3341 | RETURN: super-increasing knapsack list |
---|
3342 | EXAMPLE: super_increasing_knapsack; shows an example; |
---|
3343 | " |
---|
3344 | { |
---|
3345 | list output_list = insert(output_list,1); |
---|
3346 | int next_element; |
---|
3347 | |
---|
3348 | for (int i=2; i<=ksize; i++) |
---|
3349 | { |
---|
3350 | next_element = calculate_max_sum(output_list)+1; |
---|
3351 | output_list = insert(output_list,next_element); |
---|
3352 | } |
---|
3353 | return(output_list); |
---|
3354 | } |
---|
3355 | example |
---|
3356 | { |
---|
3357 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3358 | super_increasing_knapsack(10); |
---|
3359 | } |
---|
3360 | |
---|
3361 | proc h_increasing_knapsack(int ksize, int h) |
---|
3362 | "USAGE: h_increasing_knapsack(ksize, h) |
---|
3363 | RETURN: h-increasing knapsack list |
---|
3364 | EXAMPLE: h_increasing_knapsack; shows an example; |
---|
3365 | " |
---|
3366 | { |
---|
3367 | int v; |
---|
3368 | if (ksize<=h+1) |
---|
3369 | { |
---|
3370 | return(set_turn(super_increasing_knapsack(ksize))) |
---|
3371 | } |
---|
3372 | else |
---|
3373 | { |
---|
3374 | list out = set_turn(super_increasing_knapsack(h+1)); |
---|
3375 | int next_element; |
---|
3376 | for (int i=h+2; i<=ksize; i++) |
---|
3377 | { |
---|
3378 | next_element = 0; |
---|
3379 | for (v=i-h; v<=i-1; v++) |
---|
3380 | { |
---|
3381 | next_element = next_element+out[v]; |
---|
3382 | } |
---|
3383 | next_element++; |
---|
3384 | out = insert(out,next_element,size(out)); |
---|
3385 | } |
---|
3386 | return(out); |
---|
3387 | } |
---|
3388 | } |
---|
3389 | example |
---|
3390 | { |
---|
3391 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3392 | h_increasing_knapsack(10,5); |
---|
3393 | } |
---|
3394 | |
---|
3395 | proc injective_knapsack(int ksize, int kmaxelement) |
---|
3396 | "USAGE: injective_knapsack(ksize, kmaxelement) |
---|
3397 | RETURN: list of injective knapsacks with maximal element kmaxelement and size ksize |
---|
3398 | EXAMPLE: injective_knapsack; shows an example; |
---|
3399 | " |
---|
3400 | { |
---|
3401 | //Create a List of size ksize with the greatest possible elements keeping the set structure |
---|
3402 | list list_of_lists; |
---|
3403 | list A = insert(A,kmaxelement); |
---|
3404 | int i; |
---|
3405 | for (i=2;i<=ksize;i++) |
---|
3406 | { |
---|
3407 | A = insert(A,kmaxelement-(i-1)); |
---|
3408 | } |
---|
3409 | A = set_turn(A); |
---|
3410 | list_of_lists = insert(list_of_lists,A); |
---|
3411 | |
---|
3412 | //Create all possible sets containing the possible elements of A |
---|
3413 | int residual; |
---|
3414 | int position; |
---|
3415 | while(A[1]==kmaxelement) |
---|
3416 | { |
---|
3417 | residual=3; |
---|
3418 | position = ksize; |
---|
3419 | while((residual!=0)) |
---|
3420 | { |
---|
3421 | if(A[position]==1) |
---|
3422 | { |
---|
3423 | A[position]=kmaxelement-position+1; |
---|
3424 | residual=1; |
---|
3425 | position--; |
---|
3426 | } |
---|
3427 | else |
---|
3428 | { |
---|
3429 | A[position]=A[position]-1; |
---|
3430 | residual=0; |
---|
3431 | } |
---|
3432 | } |
---|
3433 | //Insert the list into the overall list if its a set |
---|
3434 | if (set_is_set(A)==1) |
---|
3435 | { |
---|
3436 | list_of_lists = insert(list_of_lists,A); |
---|
3437 | } |
---|
3438 | } |
---|
3439 | //delete the first element since it is smaller than kmaxelement |
---|
3440 | list_of_lists = delete(list_of_lists,1); |
---|
3441 | //delete duplicates |
---|
3442 | list_of_lists = set_list_delete_duplicates(list_of_lists); |
---|
3443 | |
---|
3444 | //Check if the remaining knapsacks are injective |
---|
3445 | list output_list; |
---|
3446 | for(i=1;i<=size(list_of_lists);i++) |
---|
3447 | { |
---|
3448 | if (set_is_injective(list_of_lists[i])==1) |
---|
3449 | { |
---|
3450 | output_list=insert(output_list,list_of_lists[i]); |
---|
3451 | } |
---|
3452 | } |
---|
3453 | return(output_list); |
---|
3454 | } |
---|
3455 | example |
---|
3456 | { |
---|
3457 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3458 | injective_knapsack(3,9); |
---|
3459 | } |
---|
3460 | |
---|
3461 | proc calculate_max_sum(list a) |
---|
3462 | "USAGE: calculate_max_sum(a) |
---|
3463 | RETURN: sum of all elements in a |
---|
3464 | EXAMPLE: calculate_max_sum; shows an example; |
---|
3465 | " |
---|
3466 | { |
---|
3467 | int sum = a[1]; |
---|
3468 | for (int i=2; i<=size(a);i++) |
---|
3469 | { |
---|
3470 | sum = sum+a[i]; |
---|
3471 | } |
---|
3472 | return(sum); |
---|
3473 | } |
---|
3474 | example |
---|
3475 | { |
---|
3476 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3477 | list a = 1,5,3,2,12; |
---|
3478 | calculate_max_sum(a); |
---|
3479 | } |
---|
3480 | |
---|
3481 | proc set_is_injective(list a) |
---|
3482 | "USAGE: set_is_injective(a) |
---|
3483 | RETURN: 1 if a is injective, 0 otherwise |
---|
3484 | EXAMPLE: set_is_injective; shows an example; |
---|
3485 | " |
---|
3486 | { |
---|
3487 | //Create all subsets of the set a |
---|
3488 | list subsum = set_subset_set(a); |
---|
3489 | list checklist=calculate_max_sum(subsum[1]); |
---|
3490 | int calculator; |
---|
3491 | for (int i=2; i<=size(subsum);i++) |
---|
3492 | { |
---|
3493 | //calculate the maximal subset_sum for every subset. Check if there are duplicated subset_sums. If so, a is not injective |
---|
3494 | calculator = calculate_max_sum(subsum[i]); |
---|
3495 | if (set_contains(checklist, calculator)) |
---|
3496 | { |
---|
3497 | return(0); |
---|
3498 | } |
---|
3499 | else |
---|
3500 | { |
---|
3501 | checklist = insert(checklist,calculator); |
---|
3502 | } |
---|
3503 | } |
---|
3504 | return(1); |
---|
3505 | } |
---|
3506 | example |
---|
3507 | { |
---|
3508 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3509 | list inj = 1,5,7,41; |
---|
3510 | list non_inj = 1,2,3,4; |
---|
3511 | set_is_injective(inj); |
---|
3512 | set_is_injective(non_inj); |
---|
3513 | } |
---|
3514 | |
---|
3515 | proc is_h_injective(list a, int h) |
---|
3516 | "USAGE: is_h_injective(a, h) |
---|
3517 | RETURN: 1 if a is h-injective, 0 otherwise |
---|
3518 | EXAMPLE: is_h_injective; shows an example; |
---|
3519 | " |
---|
3520 | { |
---|
3521 | //Create all sets of subsets |
---|
3522 | list subsetlist = set_subset_set(a); |
---|
3523 | list h_subsetlist; |
---|
3524 | //delete every list with elements more than h+1 since they are not needed to check h-injectivity |
---|
3525 | for (int i=1; i<=size(subsetlist); i++) |
---|
3526 | { |
---|
3527 | if(size(subsetlist[i])<=h) |
---|
3528 | { |
---|
3529 | h_subsetlist = insert(h_subsetlist,subsetlist[i]); |
---|
3530 | } |
---|
3531 | } |
---|
3532 | |
---|
3533 | //Check if the remaining max_sums do not occure more than once |
---|
3534 | list checklist=calculate_max_sum(h_subsetlist[1]); |
---|
3535 | int calculator; |
---|
3536 | for (i=2; i<=size(h_subsetlist);i++) |
---|
3537 | { |
---|
3538 | calculator = calculate_max_sum(h_subsetlist[i]); |
---|
3539 | if (set_contains(checklist, calculator)==1) |
---|
3540 | { |
---|
3541 | return(0); |
---|
3542 | } |
---|
3543 | else |
---|
3544 | { |
---|
3545 | checklist = insert(checklist,calculator); |
---|
3546 | } |
---|
3547 | } |
---|
3548 | return(1); |
---|
3549 | |
---|
3550 | } |
---|
3551 | example |
---|
3552 | { |
---|
3553 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3554 | list h_inj = 1,2,4,10,17; |
---|
3555 | is_h_injective(h_inj,3); |
---|
3556 | //1+2+4+10=17 |
---|
3557 | is_h_injective(h_inj,4); |
---|
3558 | } |
---|
3559 | |
---|
3560 | proc is_fix_injective(list a) |
---|
3561 | "USAGE: is_fix_injective(a) |
---|
3562 | RETURN: 1 if a is fix-injective, 0 otherwise |
---|
3563 | EXAMPLE: is_fix_injective; shows an example; |
---|
3564 | " |
---|
3565 | { |
---|
3566 | //Generation of the list-list-list |
---|
3567 | list subsetlist = set_subset_set(a); |
---|
3568 | list alreadycreatedlist; |
---|
3569 | list listoflists; |
---|
3570 | list emptylist1; |
---|
3571 | list worklist; |
---|
3572 | int i; |
---|
3573 | int v; |
---|
3574 | list checklist; |
---|
3575 | int calculator; |
---|
3576 | |
---|
3577 | int set_destination; |
---|
3578 | |
---|
3579 | //create list of lists which contain the lists of a certain length as elements |
---|
3580 | for (i = 1; i<= size(subsetlist); i++) |
---|
3581 | { |
---|
3582 | //Determine the size of the actual list to choose where to insert it in the listoflists |
---|
3583 | set_destination = size(subsetlist[i]); |
---|
3584 | if (set_contains(alreadycreatedlist,set_destination)==1) |
---|
3585 | { |
---|
3586 | //There is already an element with the same set size, so just insert it |
---|
3587 | listoflists[set_destination] = insert(listoflists[set_destination],subsetlist[i]); |
---|
3588 | } |
---|
3589 | else |
---|
3590 | { |
---|
3591 | //There is not yet an element with the same set size, so create a new one |
---|
3592 | listoflists[set_destination] = insert(emptylist1,subsetlist[i]); |
---|
3593 | alreadycreatedlist = set_insert(alreadycreatedlist,set_destination ); |
---|
3594 | } |
---|
3595 | } |
---|
3596 | |
---|
3597 | //Check for injectivity of each separate list. Works as in injectivity or h-injectivity |
---|
3598 | for (v=1; v<=size(listoflists); v++) |
---|
3599 | { |
---|
3600 | worklist = listoflists[v]; |
---|
3601 | |
---|
3602 | checklist=calculate_max_sum(worklist[1]); |
---|
3603 | for (i=2; i<=size(worklist); i++) |
---|
3604 | { |
---|
3605 | calculator = calculate_max_sum(worklist[i]); |
---|
3606 | if (set_contains(checklist, calculator)==1) |
---|
3607 | { |
---|
3608 | return(0); |
---|
3609 | } |
---|
3610 | else |
---|
3611 | { |
---|
3612 | checklist = insert(checklist,calculator); |
---|
3613 | } |
---|
3614 | } |
---|
3615 | } |
---|
3616 | return(1); |
---|
3617 | } |
---|
3618 | example |
---|
3619 | { |
---|
3620 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3621 | //this is fix-injective because 17=10+2+4+1 with different numbers of addens. |
---|
3622 | list fix_inj = 1,2,4,10,17; |
---|
3623 | //this is not fix-injective because 4+1=2+3. |
---|
3624 | list not_fix_inj = 1,2,3,4; |
---|
3625 | is_fix_injective(fix_inj); |
---|
3626 | is_fix_injective(not_fix_inj); |
---|
3627 | } |
---|
3628 | |
---|
3629 | proc three_elements(list out, int iterations) |
---|
3630 | "USAGE: three_elements(out, iterations) |
---|
3631 | RETURN: Injective_knapsack created with the three elements method |
---|
3632 | EXAMPLE: three_elements; shows an example; |
---|
3633 | " |
---|
3634 | { |
---|
3635 | int a; |
---|
3636 | int b; |
---|
3637 | int c; |
---|
3638 | int subsum; |
---|
3639 | int adden = 1; |
---|
3640 | int condition = 0; |
---|
3641 | out = set_turn(out); |
---|
3642 | if (set_is_injective(out)==0) |
---|
3643 | { |
---|
3644 | return(0); |
---|
3645 | } |
---|
3646 | else |
---|
3647 | { |
---|
3648 | for (int i=1; i<=iterations; i++) |
---|
3649 | { |
---|
3650 | while(condition==0) |
---|
3651 | { |
---|
3652 | subsum = calculate_max_sum(out); |
---|
3653 | a = 2*subsum+adden; |
---|
3654 | b = a+subsum+adden; |
---|
3655 | c = b+subsum+1; |
---|
3656 | if ((a+b)>(c+subsum)) |
---|
3657 | { |
---|
3658 | condition=1; |
---|
3659 | } |
---|
3660 | else |
---|
3661 | { |
---|
3662 | adden++; |
---|
3663 | } |
---|
3664 | } |
---|
3665 | adden =1; |
---|
3666 | condition=0; |
---|
3667 | out=set_insert(out, a); |
---|
3668 | out=set_insert(out, b); |
---|
3669 | out=set_insert(out, c); |
---|
3670 | } |
---|
3671 | return(out); |
---|
3672 | } |
---|
3673 | } |
---|
3674 | example |
---|
3675 | { |
---|
3676 | "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2; |
---|
3677 | //this is fix-injective because 17=10+2+4+1 with different numbers of addens. |
---|
3678 | list super_increasing = 1,2,4,10,20; |
---|
3679 | list a = three_elements(super_increasing,2); |
---|
3680 | a; |
---|
3681 | set_is_injective(a); |
---|
3682 | } |
---|
3683 | /* |
---|
3684 | //=============================================================== |
---|
3685 | //======= Example for DSA ===================================== |
---|
3686 | //=============================================================== |
---|
3687 | Suppose a file test is given.It contains "Oscar". |
---|
3688 | |
---|
3689 | //Hash-function MD5 under Linux |
---|
3690 | |
---|
3691 | md5sum test 8edfe37dae96cfd2466d77d3884d4196 |
---|
3692 | |
---|
3693 | //================================================================ |
---|
3694 | |
---|
3695 | ring R=0,x,dp; |
---|
3696 | |
---|
3697 | number q=2^19+21; //524309 |
---|
3698 | number o=2*3*23*number(7883)*number(16170811); |
---|
3699 | |
---|
3700 | number p=o*q+1; //9223372036869000547 |
---|
3701 | number b=2; |
---|
3702 | number g=power(2,o,p); //8308467587808723131 |
---|
3703 | |
---|
3704 | number a=111111; |
---|
3705 | number A=power(g,a,p); //8566038811843553785 |
---|
3706 | |
---|
3707 | number h =decimal("8edfe37dae96cfd2466d77d3884d4196"); |
---|
3708 | |
---|
3709 | //189912871665444375716340628395668619670 |
---|
3710 | h= h mod q; //259847 |
---|
3711 | |
---|
3712 | number k=123456; |
---|
3713 | |
---|
3714 | number ki=exgcd(k,q)[1]; //50804 |
---|
3715 | //inverse von k mod q |
---|
3716 | |
---|
3717 | number r= power(g,k,p) mod q; //76646 |
---|
3718 | |
---|
3719 | number s=ki*(h+a*r) mod q; //2065 |
---|
3720 | |
---|
3721 | //========== signature is (r,s)=(76646,2065) ==================== |
---|
3722 | //==================== verification ============================ |
---|
3723 | |
---|
3724 | number si=exgcd(s,q)[1]; //inverse von s mod q |
---|
3725 | number e1=si*h mod q; |
---|
3726 | number e2=si*r mod q; |
---|
3727 | number rr=((power(g,e1,p)*power(A,e2,p)) mod p) mod q; //76646 |
---|
3728 | |
---|
3729 | //=============================================================== |
---|
3730 | //======= Example for knapsack ================================ |
---|
3731 | //=============================================================== |
---|
3732 | ring R=(5^5,t),x,dp; |
---|
3733 | R; |
---|
3734 | // # ground field : 3125 |
---|
3735 | // primitive element : t |
---|
3736 | // minpoly : 1*t^5+4*t^1+2*t^0 |
---|
3737 | // number of vars : 1 |
---|
3738 | // block 1 : ordering dp |
---|
3739 | // : names x |
---|
3740 | // block 2 : ordering C |
---|
3741 | |
---|
3742 | proc findEx(number n, number g) |
---|
3743 | { |
---|
3744 | int i; |
---|
3745 | for(i=0;i<=size(basering)-1;i++) |
---|
3746 | { |
---|
3747 | if(g^i==n){return(i);} |
---|
3748 | } |
---|
3749 | } |
---|
3750 | |
---|
3751 | number g=t^3; //choice of the primitive root |
---|
3752 | |
---|
3753 | findEx(t+1,g); |
---|
3754 | //2091 |
---|
3755 | findEx(t+2,g); |
---|
3756 | //2291 |
---|
3757 | findEx(t+3,g); |
---|
3758 | //1043 |
---|
3759 | |
---|
3760 | intvec b=1,2091,2291,1043; // k=4 |
---|
3761 | int z=199; |
---|
3762 | intvec v=1043+z,1+z,2091+z,2291+z; //permutation pi=(0123) |
---|
3763 | v; |
---|
3764 | 1242,200,2290,2490 |
---|
3765 | |
---|
3766 | //(1101)=(e_3,e_2,e_1,e_0) |
---|
3767 | //encoding 2490+2290+1242=6022 und 1+1+0+1=3 |
---|
3768 | |
---|
3769 | //(6022,3) decoding: c-z*c'=6022-199*3=5425 |
---|
3770 | |
---|
3771 | ring S=5,x,dp; |
---|
3772 | poly F=x5+4x+2; |
---|
3773 | poly G=reduce((x^3)^5425,std(F)); |
---|
3774 | G; |
---|
3775 | //x3+x2+x+1 |
---|
3776 | |
---|
3777 | factorize(G); |
---|
3778 | //[1]: |
---|
3779 | // _[1]=1 |
---|
3780 | // _[2]=x+1 |
---|
3781 | // _[3]=x-2 |
---|
3782 | // _[4]=x+2 |
---|
3783 | //[2]: |
---|
3784 | // 1,1,1,1 |
---|
3785 | |
---|
3786 | //factors x+1,x+2,x+3, i.e. (1110)=(e_pi(3),e_pi(2),e_pi(1),e_pi(0)) |
---|
3787 | |
---|
3788 | //pi(0)=1,pi(1)=2,pi(2)=3,pi(3)=0 gives: (1101) |
---|
3789 | |
---|
3790 | */ |
---|
3791 | |
---|